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  #1  
Old Wednesday, May 28, 2008
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Importance of Rice Proteins

Published on May 26, 2008

Protein is composed of a long chain of amino acids that are needed for the body to function properly. Proteins are the principal constituents of cellular material and serve as enzymes, hormones etc. Each protein has unique functions. These are essential components of muscles, skin, bones and the body as a whole. This is one of the three types of basic nutrients used as energy sources by the body. Protein also makes antibodies and hemoglobin.

Organic proteins include both herbal proteins and animal proteins, and the proteins may be fresh or processed depending upon the methods of production, sources and consumer perception. However, when it comes to Organic Rice Protein, the mother source of such organic protein is obviously but rice.

Organic Rice Protein is a highly digestible and non-allergenic protein that is extracted from rice with the approved organic methods only. Organic method is a process of deriving a component that is squeezed without using the artificial chemical elements like pesticides, hormones, fertilizers etc. This organic method is also followed at the time of the production of the Organic Rice Protein. AG Commodities Inc follows only the organic method to eliminate the use of synthetic or chemical substances. When it comes to Organic Rice Protein, the mother source of such organic protein is obviously rice.

Nowadays Organic Rice Protein is the basic dietary staple for more than the half of the population of the world for more than one reason. The main reason behind this if we take a closer look into the components of this product. Protein signifies to a group of complex organic macromolecules that contains hydrogen, nitrogen, carbon and other elements. It is a necessary component for the ideal functioning of a human body and also plays a vital part in repairing of tissue. The other major factor of Organic Rice Protein is that the rice is the most popular cereal grain in the world and provide more than one fifth of the calories consumed by humans everyday.

It is also a well-accepted form of protein and is a necessary component for the growth of the body and strengthening the basic components of the living cells. So, when these two highly valued components come together to form Organic Rice Protein it naturally qualifies as an excellent health product. Generally Organic Rice Protein prepared from GM-free rice, Organic Rice Protein is perhaps the only hypo allergic protein and this is the vital reason for its wide success in the world of proteins. This organic product is currently being used in non-dairy drinks, as well as sports and recovery drinks. It has also proved to be effective in increasing the protein and nutritional content of baked goods, pasta, energy bars and various other meal-replacement recipes.

Recent studies by the modern nutritionists have compared the easily digestible Organic Rice Protein to mother’s breast milk in the aspect of its nutritious quality and also for the high quantity of amino acid that is common in both rice protein and breast milk.



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Old Thursday, May 29, 2008
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Pakistan's Textile Machinery Industry

Published on July 19, 2007

The textile and clothing industry is the backbone of Pakistan's economy. Pakistan's role as one of the world's leading cotton producers has provided the basis for the textile and clothing industry's development.

Pakistan's textile sector is the principal industry, contributing more than 67% to the country's total export earnings, and accounting for about 46% of total manufacturing. The sector employs over 38% of the manufacturing labor force. More than US$4 billion of textile and garment machinery has been imported in Pakistan in the last few years. The textile industry is today based almost entirely in the private sector.

Textile Machinery Industry:

Overview:

The Spinning Sector had grown with export demand and growth in cotton production. Weaving & Processing Sector followed. The major concentration of industry is in Karachi, Hyderabad, Multan, Lahore and Faisalabad. Unlike Spinning Sector the Weaving Sector comprises of large number of small units of power looms mainly clustering in Faisalabad, Hafizabad, Kasur and Multan. Recent trend is to set up Air-Jet loom units either as independent units are integrating it with spinning or processing units. Given economic stability as well as the importance of the industry to Pakistan's economy, the spinning sector is expected to grow by 8-10 percent over the next three years.

Though textile industry maintains its ranking of the single largest manufacturing sector in Pakistan, unfortunately indigenous manufacturing of its machinery could not develop along with the growth of textile industry. Resultantly, demand for textile machinery still is almost entirely met through global imports.

The usual and most effective channel for sale of machinery, equipment and spares is through a reliable agent. Foreign firms appoint local agents for the Pakistan market to provide them with market intelligence and to follow-up on sales. The most popular and possibly the most effective distributorship arrangement in Pakistan is the exclusive agency agreement. The exclusive agent receives commission on all sales of the product within the country, regardless of the channels through which they were ordered. The agent often imports and stocks spare, that are regularly required by end-users. He may also provide after-sales service.

Import- Export scenario:

Pakistan textile industry is facing problems of low productivity due to its obsolete textile machineries. To overcome this problem and to stand in competition, Pakistan Textile Industry will require high investments. Pakistan is on the road to invest in processing sector, but traditional sectors are also demanding high amount of investments. There is a continuous trend of investing in spinning since many years. Although, trend towards investment in Air Jet weaving segment is increasing day by day.

'Pakistan's textile industry estimates that around Rs1, 400 billion (US$32 billion) of investment was required till 2010 in order to achieve the government's export target.'* - Former federal secretary and chairman of the National Tariffs Commission Masud Daher (Pakistan)



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Scenario of apparel export of Pakistan


Published on August 20, 2007

Pakistan has attained a creditable position in the world because of its large scale textile industry. It ranks fourth in the production of cotton and ranks third in the consumption of cotton in Asia. The share of cotton export is 60% of total export of Pakistan. The government of Pakistan has developed the separate ministry of textile industry in the year 2004 after the outstanding performance of industry in the area of Apparels.

Right now it seems that Pakistan Textile industry is in a stagnant condition. The higher production costs have brought about this regress. Because of the internal competition with other industries the production cost goes high, and the higher cost weakens the conditions of the Pakistan export market in the international market. Exports of Pakistan textiles are not praise-worthy in comparison with those of Bangladesh, China and India. The figures of apparel export of Pakistan, China, India, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka to the US in the first half of the year 2006 are shown in the following chart.


In the above chart it is clearly visible that the market share of China is highest in the US apparel market and the share of Pakistan is lowest. In the US exports the market share of apparels by different countries is shown below in the chart. China is leading with 20.5% and the market share of Pakistan is 1.9%.


The figures of exports to the European Union (EU) by regional countries like
China Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and India are as follows


In the total exports of European Union the %age share of different countries is shown in the following chart. China is leading with the share of 16.2% and the share of Pakistan is 1.0%.


The apparel export rates of China are higher than its other South Asian competitors. The apparel export made by China is at $2.80 per square meter, by Bangladesh is at $2.17 per square meter, by Pakistan is at $1.94 per square meter and by India is at $3.85 per square meter.

The decrease is seen in the rates of apparel export by Pakistan. The apparel export rates of Pakistan were $2.80 per square meter in the first half of the year 2005 and it declined by $1.94 per square meter in the first half of the year 2006. It is -6.72%. In the area of export of knitted clothing of Pakistan to EU is lower than China during the first half of year 2006. The export rate of knitted clothing for India is at 14.08 euros per kilo, for China is at 11.92 euros per kilo, for Bangladesh is at 8.17 euros per kilo and for Pakistan is at 7.46 euros per kilo.

The increase has been seen in the knitted clothing rates of Pakistan exports in European Union. In the previous year it was -10.59% but in this year it reached to 4.66%. In the first half of the previous year the export rate of woven clothing of Pakistan was -4.01 but it is 8.12% in the first half of this year so the increase of 0.34% is seen.

Karachi is main contributor in the economy of country by sharing 67%, though it lacks single industrial area. This gives negative effect to the industry. Along with it also lacks proper roads and sewage systems. The services like electricity, gas and water cost more than other areas and also lacking the recycle plants of waste products. Industries get water supply through tankers which cost high so it directly affects the production cost.

Textile industry is the major industry of the country and it generates 67% employment to the country. It also provides employment to the 70% women. Due to the lack of support of government, 180 apparel units got closed in the country. Due to the weak government policies Pakistan’s textile industry was not able to achieve the target. In the international scenario it is fragile in comparison with India, China, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka. Decline is in the international market still the prices are high in the country. One of the reasons is high fuel prices. After US-Afghan war Pakistan was under the red zone for the countries like Japan, America and Europe. It also affects badly and Pakistan’s textile industry has met an unexpected set back.

With the help of tourism the government can build country’s image in the western countries and it can help the export industry in many ways. One great need is to send right and relevant persons to the US and European countries as their consultants. The government should also take an active part by introducing some policies and schemes for the betterment and growth of the Pakistan textile industry.



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Ways to tackle life's biggest energy zappers

Most of us chalk it up to having too much to do and not enough time to do it in, especially during extra-busy periods. But often the true culprits are our everyday habits: what we eat, how we sleep, and how we cope emotionally. Read on for some simple, recharging changes that can help you tackle all of the energy stealers in your life.

Energize Your Diet

Why is it that filling up on pasta or Chinese food for lunch leaves us snacky and sleepy an hour later? Or that falling short on fluids makes us forgetful and foggy? Fact is, eating habits play a powerful role in how well we function on every level. Below, six top fatigue-fighting nutrition strategies to chew on.

* Have breakfast... even if you don't feel hungry. You'll be a lot perkier: Studies show that people who eat breakfast feel better both mentally and physically than those who skip their morning meal. British researchers at Cardiff University even found that spooning up a bowl of breakfast cereal every morning is associated with lower levels of the stress hormone cortisol.

* Eat every three to four hours. Having three smallish meals and two snacks throughout the day can keep your blood sugar and energy levels stable all day long, says Roberta Anding, R.D., a spokesperson for the American Dietetic Association (ADA). Note the word "smallish." Supersized meals demand more of your energy to digest, which can leave you feeling lethargic. At each mini-meal, get a mix of carbohydrates (which the body uses for energy), protein (which helps sustain energy if needed), and healthy fats like those found in fish, nuts, and olives -- these fats and protein contribute to meal satisfaction, so you don't go hunting for sweets an hour later and wind up with a short-lived sugar high and subsequent crash.

* Fill up on more fiber. Fiber has a time-releasing effect on carbs, so they enter your bloodstream at a slow and steady pace, giving your energy staying power, says Anding. When choosing your mini-meals, include fiber-filled options that add up to the daily recommended 25 to 30 grams of fiber (the average person gets only between 10 and 15 grams).

* Fuel your brain with omega-3s. Found in fatty fish (such as tuna and salmon), walnuts, and canola oil, these essential fatty acids play a role in keeping brain cells healthy and helping you feel mentally alert. Another potential bonus: Omega-3s encourage the body to store carbs as glycogen — the storage form of glucose (blood sugar) and the body's main source of stored fuel — rather than as fat.

* Stay hydrated. Water makes up the majority of your blood and other body fluids, and even mild dehydration can cause blood to thicken, forcing the heart to pump harder to carry blood to your cells and organs and resulting in fatigue. Also, ample fluids keep energy-fueling nutrients flowing throughout the body, says Nancy Clark, R.D., author of Nancy Clark's Sports Nutrition Guidebook. To gauge your hydration, Clark recommends monitoring how often you urinate. You should be going every two to four hours, and your urine should be clear or pale yellow in color. Tip: Besides drinking more, you can also consume foods that naturally contain water, such as yogurt, broccoli, carrots, and juicy fruits, like watermelons, oranges, and grapefruits.

* Watch caffeine intake after noon. Typically, consuming a moderate amount of caffeine — 200 to 300 mg, the amount found in two to three cups of coffee — can make you more energetic and alert in the hours following, says Anthony L. Komaroff, M.D., a professor of medicine at Harvard Medical School. But when caffeine is consumed in large quantities — or anytime in the afternoon or evening — the quality of your sleep that night can take a nosedive, leaving you with heavy eyelids the next day. One caution for those who are highly sensitive to caffeine: Although switching to a decaf latte in the afternoon sounds like the answer, researchers at the University of Florida found that out of 22 decaffeinated coffee beverages tested, all but one contained some caffeine.



Taken from: http://www.webmd.com/balance/feature...ng-tired-again
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2,000-year-old seed grows into 'tree of life' for scientists

13 June, 2008

A 2,000-year-old seed recovered from the ancient Jewish fortress of Masada near the Dead Sea has become the oldest seed in the world to have germinated successfully, scientists said yesterday.


The seed, which grew into a date palm plant, was one of three recovered during archaeological excavations in the early 1960s, but it was only planted two years ago as part of an experiment to see if it could germinate and grow after such a long time.

Scientists chipped off small fragments from two of the seeds for radiocarbon dating, which showed they were formed between 206BC and AD24, shortly before the Romans laid siege to Masada AD72.

The third seed was planted without being damaged and scientists managed to date that seed when they recovered tiny fragments of the shell clinging to the roots of the plant when it was being transplanted to a bigger pot.

The date came out as between AD205 and AD392. But when scientists adjusted the age for changes resulting from it having germinated, which resulted in it absorbing "modern" carbon that would have biased the dating technique, they found that it, too, belonged to the period just prior to Masada's siege and destruction.

"We have successfully germinated an ancient date seed that was some 2,000 years old and is the oldest seed ever grown," said Sarah Sallon of Hadassah Medical Organisation in Jerusalem, who led the research team.

"The ability of seeds to remain viable over prolonged periods of time is important in preserving plant genetic resources," Dr Sallon and her colleagues said in their study published in the journal Science.

Masada was fortified by King Herod about 2,044 years ago as a refuge and pleasure palace and lies on a flat-topped mountain overlooking the Dead Sea. It became famous for the Roman siege of AD72 which is said to have culminated in a mass suicide by the rebellious Jewish sect who had taken control of the fortress.

The date palm seeds recovered from the 1960 excavations had been kept at room temperature for the past 40 years but, for centuries, they had been buried along with the rest of the Masada ruins. "The Dead Sea is the lowest terrestrial point on Earth and it's extremely hot and dry. So one of the things that probably helped to preserve the seed is the extreme dryness and heat of this area," Dr Sallon said.

When the seed germinated, the first leaves to sprout had white spots on them because of a lack of chlorophyll, which may have been due to mineral deficiencies immediately after germination. However, at 26 months, the plant showed normal development and a preliminary genetic analysis has revealed it shares about half its DNA with three modern varieties of the date palm from Morocco, Egypt and Iraq.

The oldest seed known to have germinated prior to the Masada date palm was a 1,300-year-old lotus seed. Judean date palms are known as the "tree of life", partly because of their supposed medicinal properties, and once formed thick forests throughout the Jordan river valley. They were highly prized for their fruit.

Date palms are either male or female but Dr Sallon said that she will not be able to determine the gender for two more years.. If it bears fruit it will be called "Mrs Methuselah", she said



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The Wrath of Dragons in Vietnamese Art

Published on June 11, 2008

The influence of symbolism in Vietnamese art has been in vogue since prehistoric times. One of the most supernatural of all creatures, dragons and fairies, symbolized various instances of Vietnamese art. From the Dong Son civilization to the modern Nyugen Dynasty, the dragon motif has been used in various forms and shapes in sculptures, paintings, palaces, and different religious or architectural structures. The evolution of the dragon symbol portrayed the changing beliefs and culture of the people from time to time.

The Dong Son civilization (400BC to 200AD) saw the reptile version of the dragon, also known as the "Giao Long" dragon. This symbol was found etched on a number of bronze urns and weapon hatches. The following period (Dai La) witnessed Vietnam under Chinese colonization from the first to the tenth century. This period had a profound impact on Vietnamese art. This is clearly evident from the decorative tiles found at Co Loa, where the Dai La dragon shows remarkable resemblance with its Chinese counterpart.

Vietnam breathed the air of independence with the dawn of the Ly Dynasty. This period can also be termed the 'golden period' for Vietnamese art as it reached the peak of excellence. Water dragons symbolizing the God of Rain found way into Vietnamese art during this period. Some of the distinguishing features of this dragon in contrast to the Chinese creature were: thin and long body; undulated body contours of a serpent; small head with long whisker and mane and fine legs with small claws. The Chuong Son tower now showcases an extraordinary example of the Ly dragon carved on stone.

The heritage of the Ly Dynasty was transferred to the later Tran Dynasty (13-14th century). The fire-gurgling creature during this period still appeared with a small head and body; an instance of which can be found in the Pho Minh temple.

The influence of Chinese culture and heritage rose profoundly in the later Ly Dynasty, with Chinese emperors adopting Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism. As a consequence, the dragon symbol came to be associated with the emperor and his authoritative powers. The dragon motif then began to be extensively used in tombs, and religious temples. Dragons of the later Ly Dynasty also owes greatly to the Chinese influence. Large head, gigantic body, thick scales, long sharp claws, thick mane, and a beastly glance summarize the appearance of the Ly dragon.

The modern Nyugen Dynasty hails from the "Tu Linh"- the four mythical Chinese creatures namely the phoenix, the dragon, the lion, and the tortoise. These creatures were collectively portrayed in numerous paintings, sculptures, royal palaces, and tombs in Hue.

These fiery dragon motifs have attracted the attention of connoisseurs all over the world. Art gallery in Vietnam showcases these mythical creatures in their changing moods. Imbibing the Chinese motif, Vietnamese art have become even more alluring.



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All about Industrial Lubricants

Published on June 23, 2008

To reduce friction and wear between two moving solid or metal surfaces special kinds of things are used which are termed as the Industrial Lubricants. It is universal truth that friction causes heat. So, use of lubricants also diminishes generated heat by carrying away from the two moving metal parts. In this way, they also cool the moving surfaces. This is why; they are also sometimes termed as coolants or heat transfer fluids.

The use of lubricants is wide. It can be used in machinery that has moving parts. From a cycle paddle to an aeroplane and from small scale industries to large scale industries, lubricants are used in a large amount for the smooth running of machinery parts. Lubricants play a vital role for the smooth running of an industry. Automobile industries, marine, aircraft, metalworking industries, etc are the major consumers of industrial lubricants.

In three physical states industrial lubricants are found – liquid, semi-liquid and solid. Generally, liquid and semi-liquid lubricants are used in industries. Some major forms of liquid lubricants are motor oils, farming oils, turbine oils, gear oils, brake oils, hydraulic oils, farming oils, gas engine oils, etc. Vaseline, greases are the forms of semi-liquid lubricants. These types of lubricants are generally used in gears, ball bearings, etc. Graphite, molybdenum disulphide, boron nitride, tungsten disulphide, etc are the some examples of solid lubricants. Graphite is the widely used solid lubricants. The powder of graphite is used for lubrication between moving surfaces.

These-days, synthetic lubricants are also used widely in several machineries. They are specially designed from chemical compound using some additives for the better performance of the lubricants. Polyalphaoleins (PAO), Polyglycols (PAG), Ester Oils, Silicones lubricants, etc are some forms of widely used synthetic lubricants. Synthetic lubricants are the substitute of petroleum based lubricants.

For the better performance of lubricants and some specific tasks and purposes, additives are used in lubricants. Additives increase the viscosity of lubricants and reduce oxidation and contamination. They reduce friction, wear, and heat from the moving parts and prevent moving parts and components of the machinery against rust and corrosion. Some common name in additives used in industrial lubricants for the better performance are anti-oxidants, anti-foaming agents, metal deactivators, demulsifying compound, emulsifying compounds, rust & corrosion inhibitors, etc.

Motor oils (also termed as engine oils) are the biggest application of lubricants. They are generally used in motor vehicle or automobile industry. They are used in internal combustion engines and provide them better protection, performance and longer life. Gear oils, used in gear boxes and gear systems, are also the form of motor oils.

Some other examples of industrial lubricating oils are marine oils, turbine oils, farming oils, metalworking fluids, cutting fluids or grinding fluids, etc which are used in different application and for the different purposes. Metal working fluids like cutting fluids, grinding fluids, are used for lubrication during the process of cutting, drilling, grinding, boring, etc. The major use of metalworking fluids are in glass industries.

On the whole, industrial lubricants play a key role in industries for the smooth running of their machines. One cannot think smooth running of machinery without using lubricants or lubricating oils.



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How to Prevent Heart Disease and Circulatory Problems

Published on August 4, 2008

Lifestyle factors cause most incidents of heart disease and diseases in the blood circulation, either wholly or partially. Bad lifestyle can cause blood vessels to be narrowed, high blood pressure and inflammatory processes in the circulatory system. These changes will themselves decrease the general condition and tissue health, and can cause more dramatic events like blod clots, heart infarction or stroke.

Here are some simple advices to avoid disease in the heart and blood vessels and to help regain good circulatory health if such disease already are present.

- Do not smoke or use any other types of nicotine sources. Smoking is perhaps the most potent cause of circulatory problems.

- Have some exercises at least every second day that make your heart work harder. Jogging, cycling, playing ball, swimming or other activities where you increase your energy consume are good for your blood circulation. The exercises should however be adjusted to your present health condition.

- Get enough sleep each 24 hours. All the sleep does not however need to occur during night. You can for example take out some of your need for sleep as a siesta in the middle of the day. 7 hours sleep seems to be the ideal for optimal circulatory health. Much more sleep seems to be bad for your blood circulation.

- Avoid a high amount of stress over a longer period. If there is something in your lifestyle or work that makes you stressed, you should make adjustments. Meditation is a good method to stress down.

- Decrease the amount of fat in your diet. Do not add much oil, butter or other types of fat to your food. Do not consume much fast-food or ready made food that often contain great amount of added fat.

-Avoid altogether chemically altered fat, so-called trans-fat. This type of fat is often found in margarine and is often added to many types of cookies.

-Avoid great amounts of saturated fat, as found in fat milk, fat diary products, coconut products and butter.

- Still you need some fat. The fat you mostly need are mono-unsaturated fat as found in olives, olive oil, rape oil, canola oil and almonds, omga-3-polyunsaturated fat found for example in fish, seafood and flax oil and omga-6-polyunsatyrated found in sunflower oil, soy oil, corn oil, sunflower seeds and many types of nuts.

- Much of the fat you still choose to add to your food should be oils with mono-unsaturated fat like olive oil, rape oil, almond oil or canola oil. Marine oils or flax oil can be added to get enough omega-3-fat. You can also use some soy oil, corn oils and other types of natural oils with a high content of omega-6-fat, but do not use too much of these to avoid over-consuming this type of fat.

- Avoid consuming great amounts of salt. Do not add much salt to the food you ccok, and do not eat great amounts of ready made salty food. When it is hot in the weather or you are in high physical activity, you will however need some more salt, and must consume some more than elswhere.

- Eat some nuts, almonds or sunflower seeds several times each week, since these food types give you fat valuable for your circulatory health.

- Eat fish at least every second day. Use lean meat, lean poultry, mushrooms, seafood and lean diary products in the food you make.

- Consume a moderate amount of carbohydrates. Avoid adding great amounts of sugar to your food. Avoid consuming much sweet drinks, cookies and snacks with great amounts of sugar and other carbohydrates.

- Use carbohydrate sources that contain fibre and that let the carbohydrates be taken up over some time, for example full corn bread and cereals, beans, peas and fresh fruit.

- Eat vegetables and fruit to each meal in order to get enough vitamins, minerals, fibres and anti-oxidants. They should be raw or only gently cooked so that the content of nutrients is not washed out.

- A moderate alcohol consume is good for your blood circulation, especially red wine, but over-drinking has the opposite effect.

- Avoid excessive eating. Eating too much is not good for your blood circulation even though you eat sound food.

- Reduce excessive weight. The advices depicted above will often over time normalize your weight. If this is not enough you should carry through a more specific weight reduction program.

- If you suffer from diabetes, this disease should be well controlled.

- Extra supplements of vitamins, minerals, essential fatty acids and anti-oxidants may be useful. Also some herbal supplements containing adaptogenic factors can be useful, for example supplements based on ginseng or roseroot (Rhodiola rocea). Supplements are especially useful if it is difficult to achieve a wholly satisfactory diet, or you have extra stressful conditions in your life you cannot avoid.

The advices depicted above are not only good for your circulatory health, but will also help to avoid rheumatism, cancer and other types of diseases.


Source: articlenext
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China's Economic Gains Give Way to Hazy Future
By ANDREW BATSON and JASON DEAN

August 25, 2008

BEIJING -- China has just hosted the most lavish Olympic Games ever by a developing nation, the capstone to an extraordinary run of achievements.

Since it began opening its economy three decades ago, the nation has lifted more people out of poverty than any other nation in modern times and is poised to become the world's third-largest economy.

Yet maintaining that growth will challenge China's leaders.

Much of the extraordinary growth of recent years has come from policies and trends that will be winding down in coming decades. It stemmed from a mix of political stability and economic liberalization that enabled a largely agricultural and technologically backward country to catch up to the rest of the world in many areas.

Now China's population is growing older and more urban, while its industry is less isolated from the outside world. "The strategies that have helped China grow from poverty to its current levels will not yield the same dividends in the future," says Homi Kharas, a scholar at the Brookings Institution and the World Bank's former chief economist for Asia. "China needs to adapt to this reality."

How China fares in that effort will ripple across the world. Many in the West are anxious about competition from China -- a subject sure to feature in the closing months of the U.S. presidential election. But many smaller developed countries depend on China's continued success.

"Americans who worry that China might overtake the United States are worrying about the wrong thing," U.S. Treasury Secretary Henry Paulson wrote in an article published last week. "Serious troubles in China's economy could threaten the stability of the U.S. and global economies."

Three challenges especially stand out for the Chinese: The nation's changing work force, a widening in the gap between rich and poor and severely constrained supplies of energy and environmental resources.

Population

The precedents aren't encouraging. Many developing countries in Latin America and the Middle East stagnated after periods of rapid growth. Economists sometimes call this the "middle-income trap" because so many countries have failed to achieve consistent growth that would deliver higher prosperity.

In the next few years, China will cross the threshold to a majority-urban society. China's urbanization rate is about 40% to 45% now, well below levels of about 75% in most of Western Europe and Latin America, but statistics show that growth in China's urban population is already slowing. Since urban workers earn more than three times as much as rural ones, the annual migration of more than 10 million farmers into cities has boosted the economy.

Moreover, a smaller number of workers will have to support an increasing number of elderly. The United Nations projects that China's working-age population will account for a decreasing share of the total after 2010, and will start shrinking in absolute terms after 2015 -- the long-delayed effect of the strict family-planning policies that came in the 1970s.

The "demographic dividend" from a young and growing work force may have been responsible for a quarter of China's growth to date, says Wang Dewen, a demographer at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. In the future, he and other scholars argue, China will have to grow by making more productive use of fewer resources -- working not just harder, but smarter.

Resources

China's growth has depleted global supplies of energy and raw materials, as well as its own resources of clean air, fertile land and drinkable water. Without improvements in efficiency, China's expansion will be constrained by the finite supply of such essentials. In recent months, the nation has been plagued by shortages of gasoline and electricity, illustrating the limits to its consumption.

Some adjustments already are happening. Qiu Jiaxin, a 26-year-old school administrator in Shanghai, bought a Buick Excelle a year ago. But he hasn't touched it for the past month, since the government raised fuel prices. "Now, my car is a burden to me," Mr. Qiu says. He is taking a shuttle bus to work instead.

Mr. Qiu and the rest of China's 1.3 billion people each consumed the equivalent of 1.4 tons of oil in energy last year, a relatively low figure. If each Chinese was to consume the same amount of energy as each person in the U.S. does -- the equivalent of 7.82 tons of oil -- then China alone would consume nearly as much energy as the entire world does now.

So far, China's government is falling behind in its drive to cut the amount of energy required to produce each yuan of economic output. It managed a reduction of just 2.9% in the first half, less than last year's 3.7%. Economists say China's low state-set prices for energy need to become more market-based to create pressure to conserve.

Inequality

Just 30 years after it began moving away from socialism, China has become one of the world's most unequal societies, based on measures of the gap between richest and poorest.

Initially, the widening disparity was beneficial -- forced equality under Mao Zedong prevented people from being productive. Today, it increasingly contributes to social instability, as people who lose their homes to make way for factories and others displaced by development express displeasure in sometimes violent protests.

Addressing that will require repairing a dilapidated network of social services -- something the government says it is working on.

But the Chinese are getting bolder in challenging the state. The Communist Party will need to expand its avenues for doing so legally or risk widening battles with its citizens that could make it harder to deal with all of the challenges it faces.

"The party will need to take itself on in very difficult ways to address this issue," says Minxin Pei, a China scholar at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace in Washington. Addressing inequality "will be a wedge issue among the ruling elites -- not just an issue that divides the haves and the have nots."

--Bai Lin in Shanghai contributed to this article.



Source: The Wall Street Journal.
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Pest Control by Chemical Pesticides

Published on August 30, 2008

Chemical pesticides are highly toxic and are very lethal not only to pests but anyone handling them, if not used with enough care. Currently, five major categories of pesticides exist; they are the inorganic compounds, organophosphates, chlorinated hydrocarbons, botanicals and carbonates. Each group comprises of different pesticides with differing levels of lethality. Some are very deadly while the potency of some is comparatively less.

Conventional chemical pesticides exterminates pests in one go and are the quickest means of getting rid of these obnoxious creatures. They are readily available and can be used without much fuss with maximum effect. They are reliable too. The added advantage is that a single pesticide can eliminate several types of pests and the residue can act as repellents for a longer period of time.

Insecticides act in three different ways. Some are highly toxic that pests die the instant the poison touches their body and are called contact poisons. Some chemicals emit toxic fumes, which destroys an insect when the fumes are inhaled. This kind for pesticides are best suited for enclosed areas like green houses. The third kind comprises of poison compounds which needs to be ingested by the pest to have any effect. Here, people mixes up the poison with eatables like pieces of fruits or sweet syrups which are lapped up by the unsuspecting pest. However, this kind of poisons starts to work slowly when compared to the other two types. But this is the best suited method for controlling pests in homes and places like hospitals and offices.

However, chemical exterminators have to be used with much care. The greatest disadvantage is that along with the pests, they wipe out a host of other insects and animals also. Large scale exposure to these chemicals is known to have induced many disorders in human body. But the easy availability and ease to use them have made these pesticides the most sought after by the farmer and the house owner alike.


Source: articlenext.
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Last edited by Princess Royal; Sunday, August 31, 2008 at 02:05 PM.
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