no many members are taking benefit from these assignments because it help us to devise our studu plan .Keep it up.

Avoid regular use of "Netspeak" or other "cute" grammar or spelling (For example: writing "R U a woman?" instead of "Are You a woman?").

Read and Follow Forum Rules

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Pak Affairs

Lucknow Pact 1916
World War (1914-1918)
C.M Reform 1919
Indian Act 1919

EDS

Universe, Solar system, all the topics related to it..

Islamiat:


Chapter # 2 from Professor Khursheed ahmeds book.

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Sufficient for us is Allah , and [He is] the best Disposer of affairs.

rush you did 'nt post last two day's assignment and today's precis and vocablary. kindly post it if you don't feel any burden ..thanks .

English Vocabulary


When you want to do something and not be recognized, go incognito — hiding your true identity.
It is funny that the words, recognize and incognito, are both related to the Latin verb, cognoscere, "to get to know" because when you do something incognito, you do not want to be recognized. Celebrities often try to go out or travel incognito so that they may have some privacy, whereas an average person might want to remain incognito in order to observe something they might not otherwise be able to see (like a celebrity).


When something is incontrovertible, it is undeniably, absolutely, 100 percent, completely true. That rain is wet is an incontrovertible fact.
If you look at incontrovertible, you see that -controver-, as in controversy, is hiding inside. Add in the prefix, and it's easy to see that incontrovertible means there is no controversy about something, or, in other words, it is unchangeable and true. Incontrovertible evidence or proof is what you are looking for if you suspect that someone is doing something wrong.


To inculcate is to teach through frequent instruction. If you repeatedly tell your brother how important it is to be responsible, then you’re trying to inculcate in him a sense of responsibility.
The word inculcate traces back to the Latin word inculcare, meaning “to force upon or to stamp in.” If anyone has even tried to inculcate you with something, it may seem as if something is being stamped into your brain — over and over and over. A key thing to remember about this word is repetition: something, such as a value or a belief, is instilled in the brain by the persistent restating of its importance.

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Sufficient for us is Allah , and [He is] the best Disposer of affairs.

English Precis:

The former Soviet Navy “Kiev” class aircraft carrier “Baku”, later called “Admiral Gorshkov” in the Russian navy, was purchased by India on January 20, 2004. Renamed the “INS Vikramaditya” and refitted at a cost of $2.35 billion, but plagued by several delays as well as cost escalations, it has set sail for final delivery and acceptance trials.
On a historical note, the ship’s keel was laid down in 1978 at Nikolayev South in Ukraine, launched in 1982 and commissioned in 1987. The vessel appears to be jinxed, as it has been hit by delays from its inception. The delay in commissioning was attributable to software bugs in its command and control system. In 1994, following a boiler room explosion, the ship was docked for a year of repairs. Although it returned to service in 1995, the ship was finally withdrawn in 1996 and offered for sale. India decided to purchase it in January 2004, but price haggling delayed the finalisation of the deal till December 2009.
On September 17, 2012, the Indian Navy (IN) revealed that the “Gorshkov” (since the vessel was not rechristened as “INS Vikramaditya” yet) had failed its sea trials. The refitted aircraft carrier could not reach "full speed" due to malfunctioning boilers. Some of the 44,500-ton warship's eight boilers broke down during the strenuous full steam trials. The IN had planned on commissioning the “Vikramaditya” on December 4, 2012 - i.e. "Navy Day". Because of the failed sea trials, the warship had to undergo repairs and modifications that delayed its commissioning by nearly a year.
Further, according to records, the upgrading of the vessel was undertaken by Russia’s major shipyard, Sevmash Enterprise, where it was stripped of all the weaponry from the ship's foredeck to make way for a Short Take-Off But Arrested Recovery (STOBAR) configuration involving arrester wires and tail hooks for the assisted landing,while a ski-jump has been installed on the bow.
The ship originally operated the Vertical Take-Off and Landing [VTOL] Yakolev Yak-38 aircraft. The retrofit enables IN to operate the more advanced MiG-29Ks from the deck. The ship can accommodate 18 MiG-29Ks, in addition to 10 helicopters, including Anti-Submarine Warfare [ASW] capable Kamov-28 helicopters and Airborne Early Warning [AEW] Kamov-31 helicopters.
The aircraft carrier can reach a top speed of 32 knots and an endurance of 25,000 kilometres at a cruising speed of 18 knots. It is 283 meters in length with a beam of 511 meters. The carrier is propelled by four shaft-geared steam turbines generating 140,000 horsepower. It departed from the Sevmash shipyard on July 3 for four months’ trials to be conducted in the White and Barents seas, which will involve the entire ship’s operations, its propulsion and the functioning of the engine under stress conditions, including landing and take-off by MiG-29 K fighters before the delivery acceptance by IN.
Against this backdrop[, India is already operating the “Viraat”, an ex-Royal Navy Centaur Class aircraft carrier equipped with Harrier Jump-jet V/STOL fighter aircraft and is in the process of indigenously constructing two more carriers. Perhaps, it desires to compete with China and currently, the IN has an edge over its PLA Navy in aircraft carrier capability. Nevertheless, possessing an aircraft carrier may be a symbol of power projection, but operating a Carrier Group (CG), defending it from enemy air attacks, maintaining it and myriad other problems are a nightmare.
The CGs are not restricted to a specific composition and can be modified according to threat perception and missions assigned during deployment. A typical CG comprises the carrier that is the nucleus; a Carrier Air Wing consisting of numerous squadrons; Guided Missile Cruisers; a Destroyer Squadron with two to three Guided Missile Destroyers, up to two attack submarines; and a combined ammunition, oiler and supply ship for logistic support. Without these defence platforms, the CG is a sitting duck.
Moreover, typical carrier maintenance periods range from six to eleven months, depending upon where the ship is in its comprehensive maintenance cycle. Owing to threat scenarios, navies may defer scheduled maintenance, but this will enhance risk for the crew and, in the long run, escalate the cost of operations and maintenance. There is also a different kind of threat associated with longer deployments: crew fatigue and morale can degrade over the course of a lengthened operation.
In view of these factors, it can be safely concluded that India has acquired another white elephant just to satisfy its obsession with weapons. However, building a strong, healthy relationship between India and Pakistan is the key to maintaining peace and prosperity in South Asia. Therefore, the two countries should focus on strengthening relations through dialogue, rather than increasing their stockpiles of chemical, biological and nuclear weapons.

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Sufficient for us is Allah , and [He is] the best Disposer of affairs.

English Precis:


HE shuffled his cards this week and he has a new, younger team of ministers to run the show, but Prime Minister Manmohan Singh will always be a croupier.

For over 20 years he has wooed punters to the casino table he crafted, to plunder and squander fortunes. Robust subsistence farmers became cash crop derelicts.

Buoyed by the sheer volume of unsuspecting gamblers, who would soon include cash-strapped housewives and pensioners alike, Harshad Mehta would replace the iconic ‘Matka King’ Ratan Khatri.

The casino owners are pleased with the new croupier. It is elementary knowledge that his economic policies are not entirely shaped by him. It is axiomatic too that they are still framed by the IMF via a revolving door fashioned to rotate his officials.

They leave his room to join the IMF/World Bank as others arrive with a fresh brief from the masters to be his advisers. One just did in August. In between, there are a couple of tycoons who call the shots though their démarches are usually dressed as pre-budget advice.

Taking a cue from Joseph Stiglitz’s criticism of the revolving door between big business worldwide and the IMF, an Indian People’s Tribunal on World Bank posed an as yet unanswered question: “How else would one explain the fact that for much of the last 20 years, and particularly since 1991, many if not most of the top economic policymakers including members of the planning commission, secretaries of the Finance Ministry and Governors of the Reserve Bank have been staffers of the World Bank/ IMF.

“They have moved smoothly and seamlessly between the World Bank/IMF and the government of India, as if the government of India were just a division of the World Bank/IMF.”

There have been countless scams in the casino under Dr Singh’s watch but he has remained unfazed.

A clutch of hapless Indian banks were slammed with charges in the Harshad Mehta plot but the major players, including at least two foreign banks, managed to show a clean pair of heels. More recent scams saw ministers and senior colleagues spending a few months in prison, but it was otherwise back to business as usual.

It is not for the first time that Dr Singh has relocated his oil minister in a cabinet reshuffle. Even newspapers that are indulgent towards business lobbies have noted how Jaipal Reddy was virtually shunted out from his post to please powerful interests. Mr Reddy is widely loved for his peerless integrity and old-worldly charm.

Earlier, the axe fell on Mani Shankar Aiyar when he headed the oil ministry. He sought an ambitious alliance with China at the time to build a club of hydrocarbon consumers to tame Western-controlled oil cartels.

Mr Aiyar was shown the door for dreaming Nehruvian dreams. He is among the few Congress MPs without a scam shadowing them. Such people are inevitably blackballed from the high-stakes table at the casino, which the oil ministry seems to be.

The prime minister’s foreign policy options are similarly fudged by spurious advice. After he professed India’s love for a singularly unpopular American president, a communist deputy told him to speak for himself.

As for his preferred approach to peace with Pakistan, the one potential feather in his cap, he badly needs to kick the habit of being vetoed by his own agencies.

The Sharm El Sheikh fiasco was an example of a prime minister being double-guessed by his intelligence advisers. For better or worse, he had agreed to discuss Pakistan’s concern over alleged Indian interference in Balochistan, and he had agreed not to let a Mumbai-like incident derail the peace process again. His officials put the document in the shredder.

It is, therefore, a matter of conjecture as to what if any gains could accrue by his changing of the foreign minister.

The outgoing foreign minister S.M. Krishna and the incumbent Salman Khurshid have little in common other than their foreign law degrees. After resigning from the cabinet, Mr Krishna spoke well of his Pakistani and Chinese counterparts, saying he had struck up an agreeable rapport with both.

The former chief minister of Karnataka also showed that he was no pushover when he slammed the home secretary of the day who tried to queer his pitch by alleging Pakistan’s anti-India plots during Mr Krishna’s visit to Islamabad. It takes something for a foreign minister to stand up to the Indian home ministry on policies concerning Pakistan.

By contrast, Mr Khurshid runs the risk of being identified with his previous innings as a junior foreign minister. On one occasion during that tenure he called Benazir Bhutto a ‘hot air balloon’ after she likened Kashmir to Bosnia. The Pakistanis responded equally rudely by branding him a ‘rented Muslim’.

In his behalf it must be said that he is well-spoken though he is getting impatient with critics. The announcement of the December cricket tour by Pakistan within days of Mr Khurshid’s anointment as India’s new foreign minister augurs well for a potential new beginning in political ties. And yet who can deny that today even cricket matches have acquired many characteristics of a casino.

Croupiers don’t place wagers on the tables they ply. They don’t need to, sanguine as they are in the knowledge that the casinos never lose. And so when they retire, as they no doubt will some day, the bets will continue to come in. A handpicked heir will take over to spin the impoverished nation’s wheels of fortune, into the wee hours.

- See more at: http://www.columnspk.com/2012/11/01/....G45cFkRG.dpuf

__________________
Sufficient for us is Allah , and [He is] the best Disposer of affairs.

English Vocabulary:

In math, to interpolate means to estimate the value of something given certain data. If you are looking at a chart that gives the level of pollutants in a lake on Jan. 1 and Feb. 1, you must interpolate the level for Jan. 15.
At a bake sale, if you check the cash box and look at how many cookies are left over, you can interpolate the results of your fundraiser. When you interpolate words into a text, you alter the text by adding words in. Scholars can identify the original text from material interpolated at a later date. If you are describing an author's work, you might want to interpolate a few examples of his writing into your description.

Reserve irony for situations where there's a gap between reality and expectations, especially when such a gap is created for dramatic or humorous effect.
In Greek, eiron meant a dissembler — someone who hides their true intentions. Today, we do something very similar when we employ irony, often by saying the opposite of what we really mean. The word can also refer to a situation that turns out to be amusingly different from what we expected: "I thought he had stolen the Fig Newtons, but the irony was that he thought the same thing of me." Note that this is more than just an improbable coincidence!

jejune to describe something that is uninteresting or insignificant. Many people claim to find celebrity gossip jejune, but ask them about a recent movie star scandal and chances are they know all about it.
Jejune can also describe something that’s immature or simplistic. All that actress could say about her latest movie was that it was “Super fun”? That’s a pretty jejune comment. Basically jejune means lacking substance. It originally comes from the Latin word jejunus, which means “fasting,” so when something is jejune, it’s figuratively empty — devoid of intellectual nourishment.

A loquacious person talks a lot, often about stuff that only they think is interesting. You can also call them chatty or gabby, but either way, they're loquacious.
Whenever you see the Latin loqu-, you can be sure that the word has something to do with "talking." So a loquacious person is a person who talks a lot, and often too much. Sitting next to a loquacious person at a dinner party can make dinner a real drag. Of course, if you've got nothing to say, a loquacious person might make a good dinner companion, because they'll do all the talking. All you will have to do is smile and eat.


Funerals are lugubrious. So are rainy days and Mondays. Anything that makes you sad, gloomy, or mournful can be called lugubrious.
Lugubrious comes from the Latin verb lūgēre, "to mourn." You can also listen to the sound of the word: lugubrious sounds slow, heavy, and sad. Sometimes, just the "feel" of a word is enough to clue you in to its meaning, and lugubrious is one of those words. I was feeling great when I got to the concert, but the lugubrious music left me in a terrible mood.

Pak Affairs:


Khilafat movement
M.L Resolution of 1924
Nehru report 1928
All India MLC Delhi 1929
Quaids 14 points..

EDS


Ceramics, Plastics, Fertilizers, Pesticides, Minerals..

Difference between Plant and Animal kingdom.

Bacteria, Viruses, Fungi, Mosses, Ferns, Algae..

__________________
Sufficient for us is Allah , and [He is] the best Disposer of affairs.

English Precis:

Every Ramazan, the viewers see a very interesting phenomenon when almost all the female television hosts and the women from the “entertainment” industry change their attire to host the holy month’s special transmissions. But the real vulgarity of this deception manifests itself when these souls start to interpret religion the way they want to see it.
The interpretation of religion is a serious business, which if done by the individuals lacking qualifications can lead to serious consequences. But somehow the channel ratings are more sacred than preserving our religious teachings.
Our irony is not isolated, here we are 1.5 billion Muslims, 21 percent of the total world population, living in a perpetual state of mental paralysis owing to lack of education and wrongly interpreting religion, thus making it something not implementable in the present age.
So who interprets our religion? Religious scholars?
Sadly, it is interpreted by pseudo-intellectuals, sometimes actresses and talk shows hosts and, to top it all, the Maulvis, who have converted the religion into a business venture to exploit the ignorance of the masses. Ever wondered how the other religions are being propagated, more importantly, by whom?
Francis (Jorge Mario Bergoglio) is the 266th and current Pope of the Catholic Church. He worked briefly as a chemical technician before entering the seminary. In 1960, he obtained a licentiate in philosophy from the Colegio Máximo de San José in San Miguel, Buenos Aires Province. He has taught literature and psychology at Colegio de la Inmaculada and Colegio del Salvador in Buenos Aires City. When he talks about religion, 2.1 billion Christians (33 percent of the world population) listen.
The 14th Dalai Lama, Tenzin Gyatso, is current spiritual leader of the Tibetan Buddhist community. Tibetans traditionally believe him to be the reincarnation of his predecessors and a manifestation of the Buddha of Compassion. His monastic education commenced at the age of six years. In 1959, at the age of 23, he took his final examination at Lhasa’s Jokhang Temple, which he passed with honours and was awarded the Lharampa degree, the highest-level Tibetan Buddhist academic degree for monks, roughly equivalent to a doctorate in Buddhist philosophy. When he spreads a message, 376 million Buddhists (six percent of the world population) listen.
Rabbi Harold Samuel Kushner is one of the very prominent rabbis aligned with the progressive wing of Conservative Judaism. He served as the long-time congregational rabbi of Temple Israel of Natick, Massachusetts, for 24 years and belongs to the Rabbinical Assembly. Kushner was educated at Columbia University and later obtained his rabbinical ordination from the Jewish Theological Seminary in 1960. The same institution awarded him a doctoral degree in the Bible in 1972.
He has also studied at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, taught at Clark University and the Rabbinical School of the Jewish Theological Seminary and received six honorary doctorates.
Kushner is the author of a best-selling book “When Bad things Happen to Good People”. Kushner has written a number of other popular theological books, such as “How Good Do We Have to Be?”, “To Life!”, “Living a Life That Matters”, “The Lord Is My Shepherd”, among others. He co-edited “Etz Hayim: A Torah Commentary”, the new official Torah commentary of the Conservative Movement, which was published in 2001 by the Rabbinical Assembly and the Jewish Publication Society. When he delivers his sermon, 14 million Jews (0.22 percent of the world population) listen.
Atheism, in a broader sense, is the rejection of belief in the existence of deities. Its growth in the US has touched around 20 percent, thus becoming the fastest growing non-religious segment of the US. Late Christopher Eric Hitchens, an atheist, was an English-American author and journalist, whose writing and journalistic career spans more than four decades. He was educated at the independent Leys School in Cambridge and then later at Balliol College, Oxford, where he read philosophy, politics, and economics. He had been published as a columnist and literary critic in “The Atlantic”, “Vanity Fair”, “Slate, World Affairs” and “Free Inquiry”, and became a media fellow at the Hoover Institution think-tank. In 1995, he was voted as the world’s fifth top public intellectual in a Prospect/Foreign Policy poll. What he wrote impacted the lives of 1.1 billion non-religious/atheists (16 percent of the world population).
It is not difficult to comprehend why people listen to these fellows. They are all educated in their respective domains and when they speak, they seem to talk sense to their listeners and believers, backed by very sound knowledge of the subject.
Here, no one cares to listen, for the impact of knowledge coming out from individuals full of hollowness and ignorance is pathetically deficient in substance. And the ones who do listen to them are consumed by selective interpretations of the Holy Quran, which in most of the cases is quoted out of context.
It seems we as a nation have made a choice to live in perpetual ignorance. Voices of religious sanity have already been silenced by the fanatic elements. The stage is now set for only two actors; the “fundamentalists” and the “enlightened” forward-looking Muslims. Both are driven by self-interests with no orientation towards spreading what was actually revealed by God. We cannot expect much from these misdirected souls; however, the least they can do is to at least stop using religion as a weapon to achieve their worldly ambitions.

Pak Affairs:

Simon comission

to

Round Table conference..


EDS:


Blood, its types, and its diseases..


Islamiat:

Chapter:4 from Khurshid Ahmed's book...

English Vocabulary:


A moiety is one of two equal parts. If you cut a sandwich in half, you can have one moiety for lunch and give the other moiety to a pigeon.
One moiety plus one moiety equals a whole. Moiety is a synonym for the noun half; a semicircle or your better half can be referred to as a moiety. In anthropology, moiety is used to describe one of two distinct groups of a tribe. Moiety can also mean "a part" in general, as Shakespeare used it in Antony and Cleopatra: "The death of Antony / Is not a single doom; in the name lay / A moiety of the world."


Does it ever feel like just a few people have all the power? If it's a government that's run like this, it's an oligarchy. A country that has this form of government is an oligarchy too.
The political term, oligarchy, comes to English from the Greek with its meaning intact - a form of government run by a small number of people such as wealthy landowners, royalty or powerful military figures. If you say that you can't fight the oligarchy, you mean the leaders of such a place. Sometimes the word refers to the few powerful people in charge of a large company or system. A financial oligarchy might try to block reform.


If you want to describe someone who can do absolutely anything, reach for the adjective omnipotent.
Omnipotent comes from the Latin words for total (omni) and power (potent). Omnipotent is frequently used for deities, but can apply to any exaggerated description of power. If you think that love rules the world, then to you, love is omnipotent. On the other hand, if you think that brute force wins, then maybe your idea of an omnipotent person is a mob boss. The stress is on the second syllable: om-NIP-uh-tent.


A paradigm is a standard, perspective, or set of ideas. A paradigm is a way of looking at something.
A paradigm is a new way of looking or thinking about something is needed. This word comes up a lot in the academic, scientific, and business worlds. A new paradigm in business could mean a new way of reaching customers and making money. In education, relaying on lectures is a paradigm: if you suddenly shifted to all group work, that would be a new paradigm. When you change paradigms, you're changing how you think about something.


You plagiarize when you take someone's ideas or words and pass them off as your own. It's a fancy word for copying. Many politicians and writers have plagiarized. It's not always professional suicide, however — just ask Vice President Joe Biden. Still, don't do it.
It's not illegal to plagiarize but it's morally wrong, and it might just get you tossed out of school. If you're writing something and include word-for-word something you've read and don't attribute the words or ideas to that writer, you are plagiarizing. The origins of the word are said to mean "one who kidnaps the child of another" — which certainly gives a sense of the gravity of the charge. After all, some writers do consider their words to be their babies.

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Sufficient for us is Allah , and [He is] the best Disposer of affairs.

Dear Rush,

I want to join your discussion group

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SpyCatcher