Title- EDUCATION IN REGIONAL LANGUAGES.

There are number of languages being spoken in Pakistan. The best way to educate children is to teach them in their mother tongue. It would be beneficial in enhancing the literacy rate which in turn will alleviate poverty and develop positive aspects of socio-cultural life. Imposing education in languages alien to students would never prove to be fruitful.

Precis of 2008

Original paragraph
Objectives pursued by, organizations should be directed to the satisfaction of demands resulting from the wants of mankind. Therefore, the determination of appropriate objectives for organized activity must be preceded by an effort to determine precisely what their wants are. Industrial organizations conduct market studies to learn what consumer goods should be produced. City Commissions make surveys to ascertain what civic projects would be of most benefit. Highway Commissions conduct traffic counts to learn what constructive programmes should be undertaken. Organizations come into being as a means for creating and exchanging utility. Their success is dependent upon the appropriateness of the series of acts contributed to the system. The majority of these acts is purposeful, that is, they are directed to the accomplishment of some objectives. These acts are physical in nature and find purposeful employment in the alteration of the physical environment. As a result utility is created, which, through the process of distribution, makes it possible for the cooperative system to endure.

Before the Industrial Revolution most cooperative activity was accomplished in small owner managed enterprises, usually with a single decision maker and simple organizational objectives. Increased technology and the growth of
Industrial organization made necessary the establishment of a hierarchy of objectives. This is turn, required a division of the management function until today a hierarchy of decision makers exists in most organizations.

The effective pursuit of appropriate objectives contributes directly to organizational efficiency. As used here, efficiency is a measure of the want satisfying power of the cooperative system as a whole. Thus efficiency is the summation of utilities received from the organization divided by the utilities given to the organization, as subjectively evaluated by each contributor.

The functions of the management process is the delineation of organizational objectives and the coordination of activity towards the accomplishment of these objectives. The system of coordinated activities must be maintained so that each contributor, including the manager, gains more than he contributes.(345)

Title: Purpose of organizational objectives
Organizational objectives are indirectly related to the human wants. So these human wants are determined before making the objectives. The purpose of organizations is to strive for satisfaction which can be obtained by suitable series of acts. And when satisfaction is created it is retained in the system by distributional process. It is necessary in the revolutionized industrial sector to make a hierarchy of objectives which can only be followed by various management functions. In an organization, objectives are directly linked to its efficiency and this efficiency is the sum of satisfaction. The function of management is to achieve the objectives and to maintain the coordination among different activities to get maximum profit.

Original Passage (1972)

Up to a point the second German war resembled the first. Each begins with a German bid for power which almost succeeded in spite of the opposition of France and the Great Britain. In each the United States came to the rescue after year of Neutrality. Each ended with a German defeat. But the differences were easier to see than the resemblances. The powers were differently grouped.
Italy and Japan were on the German side, Russia were neutral until the Germans attacked across what had been, to begin with, Poland and Baltic States. The second war lasted even longer than the other. It pressed harder on the civilian population. After a period of restraint, perhaps, intended to conciliate American opinion, both sides dropped bombs from the air, without respect for the nature of the target, wherever the officers concerned expected to cause the greatest effect. In Great Britain 60,000 civilians are killed. Though the island was not invaded, the population was more directly involved than it was in any former war. Childers and others were evacuated from towns into the country. Food supplies ran so short that, at the worst, even potatoes were rationed. Of all the states opposed to Germany, Great Britain was the only one which fought throughout the war. The resource of the nation was concentrated in the war effort more completely than those of any other Nation on either side. Labor of women as well as men, became compulsory. Nevertheless once the war reached its full severity in the west, eight months after it was declared, there was less disunion between classes and interests than in any other five years within living memory. Fighting spread all over the world. The pacific was as vital a theater as Europe. Scientist, especially physicists, made revoluniory discoveries during the war, not only in the field of weapons and defense against them, but in supply, transport, and control in action. Strange to say the fight services suffered less casuality than in 1914-1918, 300,000 of the armed forces and 35,000 of the navy were killed. There was nothing like the trench warfare of former war, though there was almost every other sort of warfare, from mechanized war of movement in the north-Africa desert to hand to hand jungle fighting in Burma. Both sides experimented and built up stocks for gas warfare and biological warfare, but neither side used them.

Title:Evaluation of world wars and their ramifications

Both world wars exhibits commonalities as in both Germany started the war and met with defeat.However both sides were not the same as in the first war.The second war was of prolonged period and enormously affected the general populous.Even without invasion on Britain 60,000 peoples were decimated.Great Britain alone fought the war throughout the period despite shrinking of its resources.civil society faced the atrocities of war with patience and both male and female worked to diminish the effects of war.During the course of war scientist discovered many weapons such as gas and biological warfare but wasn't used by either side despite the fact that every kind of warfare was used as tool.

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He who has never learned to obey cannot be a good commander.

do we have to write three drafts in precis, last one being the final?

Respected seniors and other aspirants kindly check my precis and evaluate it. thanks

Rural development lies at the heart of any meaningful development strategy. This is the only
mechanism to carry the message to the majority of the people and to obtain their involvement in
measures designed to improve productivity levels. Rural population exceeds 70 percent of the
total population of the country, despite a rapid rate of urbanization. Average rural income is 34
percent less than per capita urban income. A large part of under employment is still concealed in
various rural activities particularly in the less developed parts of the country. For centuries, the
true magnitude of poverty has been concealed from view by pushing a large part of it to the rural
areas. This set in motion a self-perpetuating mechanism. The more enterprising and talented in
the rural society migrated to the cities in search of dreams which were seldom realized. Such
migrants added to urban squalor. The relatively more prosperous in the rural society opted for
urban residence for different reasons. The rural society itself has in this way systematically been
denuded of its more enterprising elements, as rural areas developed the character of a huge and
sprawling slum. Development in the past has touched rural scene mainly via agricultural
development programmes. These are essential and would have to be intensified. Much more
important is a large scale expansion of physical and social infrastructure on the village scene.
These included rural roads, rural water supply and village electrification as a part of the change
in the physical environment and primary education and primary health care as the agents of
social change. The task is to provide modern amenities as an aid for bringing into motion the
internal dynamics of the rural society on a path leading to increase in productivity and self-help,
changing the overall surrounding, while preserving coherence, integrated structure and the rich
cultural heritage of the rural society. (311 words)

Précis: Rural development is the only pragmatic approach to engage people in schemes to improve productivity. About two third of total population of country has been living in poverty-stricken rural areas with high underemployment. The talented youngsters and wealthy people of rural society have managed to get access to modern cities for better living standards. The development in rural areas is restrained to agriculture only while there is dire need to develop physical infrastructures, health care and primary education. The job is to aid rural society with modern facilities energizing them to enhance their productivity with utmost preservation of its primordial integrity, adhesion and distinct cultural heritage. (106 words)
Title: The development of Rural Society

Paragraph
Besant describing the middle class of the 9th century wrote ” In the first place it was for more a class apart. “In no sense did it belong to society. Men in professions of any kind (except in the Army and Navy) could only belong to society by right of birth and family connections; men in trade—bankers were still accounted tradesmen—could not possibly belong to society. That is to say, if they went to live in the country they were not called upon by the county families and in the town they were not admitted by the men into their clubs, or by ladies into their houses… The middle class knew its own place, respected itself, made its own society for itself, and cheerfully accorded to rank the deference due.” Since then, however, the life of the middle classes had undergone great changes as their numbers had swelled and their influence had increased. Their already well –developed consciousness of their own importance had deepened. More critical than they had been in the past of certain aspects of aristocratic life, they wee also more concerned with the plight of the poor and the importance of their own values of society, thrift, hand work, piety and respectability thrift, hand work, piety and respectability as examples of ideal behavior for the guidance of the lower orders. Above all they were respectable. There were divergences of opinion as to what exactly was respectable and what was not. There were, nevertheless, certain conventions, which were universally recognized: wild and drunker behaviors were certainly not respectable, nor were godlessness or avert promiscuity, not an ill-ordered home life, unconventional manners, self-indulgence or flamboyant clothes and personal adornments.



Precis
Middle class in the 9th century had been deprived of being entertained with adequate facilities. During 9th century, society was only for men except in army, navy and banks. They were dispossessed by district, by clubs and by ladies. Meanwhile, they fabricated the society of themselves and experienced a considerable change emanating increases in numbers, influence and infiltration of their deep knowledge. They were modest, although, they had been in privileged life, they seemed slightly involved with poor’s dilemma and their values. Some discrepancy regarding respect in various traditions excites. However, some practices were generally recognized that incorporates wild, drunken behavior, atheism, bizarre manners and personal beautification.

Any Correction in grammar would be appreciated

will somebody please upload preci of 2009..its very difficult

Probably the only protection for contemporary man is to discover how to use his intelligence in the service of love and kindness. The training of human intelligence must include the simultaneous development of the empathic capacity. Only in this way can intelligence be made an instrument of social morality and responsibility — and thereby increase the chances of survival.

The need to produce human beings with trained morally sensitive intelligence is essentially a challenge to educators and educational institutions. Traditionally, the realm of social morality was left to religion and the churches as guardians or custodians. But their failure to fulfill this responsibility and their yielding to the seductive lures of the men of wealth and! pomp and power and documented by the history of the last two thousand years and have now resulted in the irrelevant “God Is Dead” theological rhetoric The more pragmatic men of power have had no time or inclination to deal with the fundamental problems of social morality. For them simplistic Machiavellianism must remain the guiding principle of their decisions-power is morality, morality is power. This oversimplification increases the chances of nuclear devastation. We must therefore hope that educators and educational institutions have the capacity, the commitment and the time to instill moral sensitivity as an integral part of the complex pattern of function human intelligence. Some way must be found in the training of human beings to give them the assurance to love, the security to be kind. and the integrity required for a functional empathy.




Topic: Human Intelligence as a Tool for Moral Development

Man must develop a sense of morality in order to survive. The human intelligence must be used as a tool to promote social morality. From the past we learn that the wealth worshipers and power greedy people exploited the societies in the name of religion. They had no regard for moral development. To serve the cause today, a huge responsibility falls upon the educational institutions. They can inculcate a moral sense which can incite human intelligence to drive human empathy.

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There's only one growth strategy: work hard. William Hague

Plz check my precis of 2014 paper. The original para is:

Probably the only protection for contemporary man is to discover how to use his intelligence in the service of love and kindness. The training of human intelligence must include the simultaneous development of the empathic capacity. Only in this way can intelligence be made an instrument of social morality and responsibility — and thereby increase the chances of survival.

The need to produce human beings with trained morally sensitive intelligence is essentially a challenge to educators and educational institutions. Traditionally, the realm of social morality was left to religion and the churches as guardians or custodians. But their failure to fulfill this responsibility and their yielding to the seductive lures of the men of wealth and! pomp and power and documented by the history of the last two thousand years and have now resulted in the irrelevant “God Is Dead” theological rhetoric The more pragmatic men of power have had no time or inclination to deal with the fundamental problems of social morality. For them simplistic Machiavellianism must remain the guiding principle of their decisions-power is morality, morality is power. This oversimplification increases the chances of nuclear devastation. We must therefore hope that educators and educational institutions have the capacity, the commitment and the time to instill moral sensitivity as an integral part of the complex pattern of function human intelligence. Some way must be found in the training of human beings to give them the assurance to love, the security to be kind. and the integrity required for a functional empathy.

The precis:

The survival of contemporary man is in use of his intelligence for service of others. For this training of intelligence must include the development of social morality and responsibility. Its traditional custodians failed to fulfill their responsibility whereas, for the men in power the guiding principle was maximization of power. In contemporary world, this sole criterion for decision making increases the chances of nuclear devastation. Therefore, this is a challenge for the education system. We hope that, it has the required capacity, commitment and time to meet this challenge.

waiting for feedback.

"As a kind of foot-note I should comment that there are those who doubt whether it is within the power of science to ensure over a prolonged period freedom from destitution and famine for mankind. The argument -is the old one of Malthus, that in the race between increasing population and increasing production, population must eventually win. Those of us who decline to accept this pessimistic view recognize the difficulty of the practical problem of meeting the needs of an ever-expanding population. We have, however, greater faith in human resourcefulness. We note that it is not only in the technology of production and medicine that the present generation differs so greatly from the one before. A similar rapid change is likewise occurring the thinking of masses of people. This change is brought about partly by experience with technology by more widespread education. Here lies a new realm in which dramatic advance is being made. The hope for the longer future lies in a growing understanding of the
conditions for the good life of man in a world of science and technology, and the acceptance of a morality that is consistent with these conditions. With the widespread thought now being given to such problems by persons whose thinking is schooled to rely on reason and tested fact. It is
evident that advance from this angle will also appear. Youth may, for example, consider these remarks as an effort to see in truer perspective the type of ideals that are appropriate to the age of science. Many are those who are now sharing to this exploration of human values.
The great question is whether such understanding of human goals and the corresponding development of morals can be achieved before the forces seen by Malthus, and emphasized so forcefully by recent writers, overwhelm the efforts of the pioneers in this new and critical field. I do not believe that this is inevitable. Jam confident of man’s ability to meet and solve this ethical problem that is so vital to the success of his effort to achieve physical and spiritual freedom. It is relevant that as I analyse the reasons for my faith in man’s eventual ability to meet this critical problem. I find that prominent in my mind is the confidence that God who made us holds for us an increasing density, to be achieved through our own efforts in the world setting that he supplies. This observation is significant in the present setting because it is my strong impression
that most of those who have the firm faith in man’s advancement likewise have a religious basis for their faith. If this impression is valid its consequence is clear. It means that it is men and women of religious faith on whom we must primarily rely to work strongly toward achieving a
favorable world society. It means also that those of religious faith because of their faith have a better chance of survival, a fact that has a bearing on the attitude that may be expected in the society of the future".

Precis

The hope of future: Faith
It is feared by some whether science will protect mankind from hunger and poverty for much long. In the race between production and population, population is most likely to succeed. But there are people who have faith in human progress. Human thinking has also been altered by science and technology, and the formation of moral values suited to this scientific age may enhance our chances of survival. The great concern however, is the achievement of such a society in time, before human number exceeds resources. It is observed that the people having faith in man’s advancement are the ones having faith in God. These men and women of faith may very well be able to create a better society and are expected to live through the situations due to their belief.