Hardware & Software

Hardware:

i) All the physical components of computer which can be touched, measured have weight and occupy space are collectively called computer hardware etc.
ii) Examples of hardware are: keyboard, mouse, joy stick, scanner, printer, CPU etc.

Software:

i) Software can be defined as a set of instructions and codes written in a defined manner. In other words software are pre-written programs, which control the operation of computer.
ii) Examples of software are; DOS, windows, UNIX, XENIX, Linus, JAVA, Oracle, Antivirus etc.

PC/Minicomputers & Mainframe computers

PC:

i) It is a small computer based on microprocessor.
ii) One user can use it at a time.
iii) These are very low priced computers. An individual can afford it.
iv) User friendly software are used to operate this computer.
v) Minicomputers were launched in 1959 by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC)
vi) Minicomputers are also made by Data General, Hewlett-Packard & IBM

Mainframe Computers

i) The largest computers called mainframe computers are the oldest category of computer system.
ii) They are capable of great processing speed and data storage.
iii) These are always kept in air-cooled rooms.
iv) They are mainly used in banks, airlines and industrial companies.

Email & Snail Mail

Snail mail:

i) “Snail mail” is a term used to refer to mail that is sent in the traditional way — through the postal service — rather than by email, fax, or other electronic means of communication.
ii) It is called “snail mail” because it can be very slow, as is a snail. Snail mail generally takes 2 or 3 days to go from origin to destination, if not many more,
iii) Snail mail has gone out of fashion for simple letters, though it is still necessary for sending packages, or legal documents that require signatures.

Email:

i) Email is electronic mail which is very quick means of communication through computers and telephone line.
ii) Email can be sent instantly.
iii) With email, a message is sent directly from a user’s mail program to another person’s email address. Though many email messages simply contain words, they may also include photos or other digital files, such as songs, or links to websites.

Apes & Monkeys

Apes
i) Apes do not have tail.
ii) Apes have rounded nasal openings.
iii) Apes generally have bigger brains and larger bodies than monkeys.
iv) Apes do not have web foot.
v) Apes are bigger in size.
vi) Apes are: Humans, Chimps, Gorillas, Orangutans and Gibbons.

Monkeys

i) Monkeys have tails.
ii) Monkeys have slanted nasal openings.
iii) Monkeys have web foot.
iv) Monkeys are smaller in terms of size
v) Monkeys are all primates non-apes and non-prosimians (lemurs).

Hydrostatics & Hydrodynamics

Hydrostatics:

i) Hydrostatics is a branch of science which deals with physical behaviour of liquids at rest.
ii) The consideration of liquids at rest, involves problems of buoyancy and flotation, pressure on dams and submerged devices, and hydraulic presses.

Hydrodynamics:

i) Hydrodynamics is the branch of science which deals with behaviour of liquids in motion.
ii) The study of liquids in motion is concerned with such matters as friction and turbulence generated in pipes by flowing liquids, the flow of water over weirs and through nozzles, and the use of hydraulic pressure in machinery.

Comet & Meteor

Comet:

i) Comet is a collection of gas, dust, and volatile ice that travel around the sun, generally in very eccentric orbit.

Meteor:

i) Meteor is a streak of light seen in the night sky signify the burning up in earth‘s atmosphere of inter-planetary material.

Barrage & Dam

Barrage:

i) Barrages are constructed not at a much height but at a low height.
ii) Barrages are single purpose constructions i.e. for irrigation.
iii) Electricity cannot be produced in barrages.
iv) It is constructed on plains.
v) Sukkur barrage is an example.

Dam:

i) Dams are constructed at higher elevation or at a height.
ii) Dam is multipurpose. It acts as reservoir, control flood, and for irrigation.
iii) Dam is constructed to generate electricity.
iv) It is impossible at ground level.
v) Tarbella dam is an example.

__________________
I am Children of Rich Heritage i believe i 'll succed .

Isotopes:Isobars

Isotopes
These are the elements having same atomic number but different mass number. They have the same atomic number because the number of protons inside their nuclei remains the same.The difference in their mass number is due to the difference in their number of neutrons.

Isobars

Where Isotopes are chemically the same and physically different, the converse is true in Isobars. That is isobars are elements, which are chemically different but physically the same.So, isobars are atoms of different elements having the same atomic mass but different atomic
number. Since their number of electrons is different, their chemical properties are different.The light nuclei have unstable isobars. Heavy nuclei have stable isobars and these occur in pairs. Suppose the number of protons of one isobar matches with that of another they are called as mirror-nuclides of each other.

Autopsy & Biopsy

Autopsy:

i) An autopsy is the dissection and analysis of a dead subject.
ii) , autopsies are limited to the deceased and there are two kinds of autopsy; External examination and internal examination.
iii) Autopsy is performed for medico-legal purpose.

Biopsy:

i) A biopsy is a medical test in which cells, tissue, or fluid is removed for examination.
ii) Biopsy is not limited to only living people because they are routinely taken from organs that are going to be used for transplantation.
iii) Autopsy is performed for diagnosis purpose.

Hard water & Heavy Water

Hard Water:

i) Hard water is that type of water which does not form lather easily.
ii) Its formula is H2O.
iii) Hard water is not used in nuclear power plants.

Heavy Water:

i) Heavy water is deuterium oxide in which hydrogen of water is replaced by its heavier isotope, Deuterium.
ii) The formula of heavy water is D2O.
iii) Heavy water is used in nuclear power plants.

__________________
I am Children of Rich Heritage i believe i 'll succed .

Climate & Weather

Climate:

i) Climate is the normal weather conditions for an area during a season or a year.
ii) Climate of an area is described by means of an average means of an average of the statistics of the various weather factors over a period of time, normally 30-years.

Weather:

i) Weather is the condition of the atmosphere at any one place and time.
ii) Weather is described by air, temperature and humidity, wind speed and direction, cloud amount and precipitation, sunshine and visibility.

Cardiac & Skeletal Muscles:

Cardiac Muscles:

i) Cardiac muscles are present in the heart only.
ii) They have centrally placed nuclei.
iii) They never fatigue.
iv) They are composed of long fibres.
v) They are under involuntary control.

Skeletal Muscles:

i) Skeletal muscles are present in the skeleton of the body.
ii) Nuclei are not centrally placed in skeletal muscle.
iii) They can fatigue.
iv) They are not composed of long fibres.
v) They are under voluntary control.

Haze & Smog

Haze:

i) The dust particle smoke etc. that may be visible in atmosphere close to the earth‘s surface is known as Haze.
ii) It does not affect natural visibility.
iii) It does not occur particularly near coastal areas.

Smog:

i) It is a mixture of solid and liquid fog as well as particles of smoke. It is formed when humidity is high.
ii) Smog reduces visibility.
iii) It occurs near coastal areas.

Enzyme & Hormone

Enzyme:

i) These are organic catalysts produced in the protoplasm of all living cells.
ii) These are mostly protein in nature.
iii) They control all biochemical reactions of the cell.
iv) These are present in all cells and show their activity there.

Hormone:

i) These are organic substances produced in places away from their functional sites.
ii) These are mostly acids.
iii) They promote and inhibit growth, flowering, etc.
v) These are mobile. They are produced at one site and show their activities at other sites.

Igneous & Sedimentary Rocks

Igneous Rocks:

i) Igneous rocks are formed when magma (or molten rocks) has cooled down and solidified.
ii) Igneous rocks are commonly found inside the Earth‘s crust or mantle,
iii) Igneous rocks can be an important source of minerals,
iv) Examples of Igneous rocks include granite and basalt.

Sedimentary Rocks:

i) Sedimentary rocks are formed by the accumulation of other eroded substances,
ii) Sedimentary rocks are usually found in water bodies (sea, oceans etc.).
iii) Sedimentary rocks, or their bedding structure, are mostly used in civil engineering; for the construction of housing, roads, tunnels, canals etc.
iv) Examples of Sedimentary rocks include shale, limestone and sandstone.

OR

What is the difference between Igneous Rocks and Sedimentary Rocks?

Igneous rocks are formed from molten liquid minerals called magma, while sedimentary rocks are formed from lithification (cementing, compacting and hardening) of existing rocks.
Igneous rocks are non-porous for water, while sedimentary rocks are porous to the water.
That is water cannot penetrate through igneous rocks but can through sedimentary rocks.
Igneous rocks are having fossils very rarely, while sedimentary rocks are rich in fossils.
Igneous rocks are harder than sedimentary rocks.
Tendency to react with acids is higher to sedimentary rocks when compared to igneous rocks.
Igneous rocks may be light or dark coloured, while sedimentary rocks have great colour variety.

__________________
I am Children of Rich Heritage i believe i 'll succed .

Producers & Consumers

Producers:

Producers are organisms that make their own food through photosynthesis or other reactions and are a food source for other organisms (ex. plants, extremophile benthos communities).

Consumers:

Consumers are organisms that ingest other organisms, like plants, in order to gain energy (ex.herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, and detrivores).

Microcomputer & Minicomputer

Microcomputer:

i) A microcomputer is a standard desktop computer used at a home and in business.
ii) A microcomputer is a computer with a microprocessor as its CPU.
iii) They are cheap, compact and can be easily accommodated on a study table.
iv) Microcomputer is a single-user computer.
v) The two most common types of storage devices used with microcomputers are tapes and disks.
vi) Microcomputer is not powerful or as fast as minicomputer.
vii) Examples are- Modern computers like desktop, laptop etc.

Minicomputer:

i) Minicomputers are mid-sized computer used in universities, research labs and small corporations.
ii) Minicomputers are faster than microcomputers.
iii) They are expensive and larger than microcomputer.
iv) Minicomputer is a multi-user computer.
v) For secondary storage, most minicomputers use magnetic disks or tapes.
vi) Minicomputer is powerful than microcomputer but not as super computer and mainframe computer.
vii) Examples are- IBM 9375, Motorola 68040 etc.

Mainframe & Super Computers

Mainframe Computers:

i) The largest computers called mainframe computers are the oldest category of computer system.
ii) They are capable of great processing speed and data storage.
iii) These are always kept in air-cooled rooms.
iv) They are mainly used in banks, airlines and industrial companies.

Super Computers:

i) The super computers are fastest of all computers.
ii) It was invented by two brothers Gregory and David in New York.
iii) These computers have high capacity to work.
iv) These also require air-conditioned rooms.
v) The super computers are mainly used in a) Automotive engineering b) Modelling nuclear explosion c) Aeroplane designing d) Oil exploration e) Weather forecasting etc.

RAM & Cache Memory

RAM

i) It stands for random access memory.
ii) It is an optical disc, where data and information is stored permanently.
iii) RAM is the primary storage media.
iv) RAM is the primary storage device from which the system boots.
v) RAM is stored on RAM chip.
vi) The data or information stored on it can be written on or it can be erased.

Cache Memory:

i) Cache memory is a special high speed memory that the CPU can access quickly.
ii) It is used in computers with very fast CPUs, so that these CPUs don‘t have to wait for Data to be delivered from RAM.
iii) The most frequently used instructions are kept in the cache memory.
iv) This allows the CPU to run faster because it does not have to take time to swap instructions in and out of RAM.

Rotation & Revolution Of Earth:

Rotation Of Earth:

i) it is the movement of the earth in which the earth makes rotation around its axis.
ii) Rotation of the earth occurs from West to East.
iii) The main effect of the rotation of the earth is the formation of days and nights.

Revolution Of Earth

i) it is the movement of the earth, in which the earth makes revolution around the sun.
ii) Revolution of the earth occurs in counter clockwise direction or from right to left.
iii) The main effect of the revolution of the earth is the change of seasons.

__________________
I am Children of Rich Heritage i believe i 'll succed .