Definition: An allusion is a reference, within a literary work, to another work of fiction, a film, a piece of art, or even a real event. An allusion serves as a kind of shorthand, drawing on this outside work to provide greater context or meaning to the situation being written about. While allusions can be an economical way of communicating with the reader, they risk alienating readers who do not recognize these references.


T.S.Eliot belonged to the age of industrialization and of world wars.He presented literary theory and have inspiration with Ezra pound.The Waste land is an important poem ,being enriched with biblical allusions and mythology.in his own words;

the point of view of Eliot regarding tradition is well elaborated;
In this confused poem,poet contrasted past and present,anarchy and morality,tradition and individual talent with continuous quoting from Chaucer to Alexander pope.He alluded also from Spanish and french writers to make it classical.The narration symbolizes mental agony of poet as he was living in industrialized society.He expressed his fear about the ethnocentrism of Germans also apprehended about the winter epoch of world.


This is the starting verse of WASTE LAND in which he contrasted the description of spring with the general opening of prologue to Canterbury tales.To regard April, the harbinger of spring,as the cruelest month is natural for the dwellers in the waste land,who are afraid of life.


The Father of modern English poetry says in the prologue to Canterbury;
Themes of barrenness is explored with enriched imagery of cold,winter ans water.
the poet used figure of speech in order to give the essence of classicist like
Homer,Virgil, Dryden,Donne and others.
These lines expressed apprehension and fear of people,at that time RUSSIAN nationality could ward off the danger.being German national is a sign of protection so poet is sating he is Not from Russia.
These lines anticipates the vision of anarchy and of feelings of being a refigee.
He continuous going to allude and now alluded from bible in line;
This verse is pointing toward the Ezekiel.The name Ezekiel is assigned twice in the Bible. The lesser known Ezekiel is a priest in the time of King David.The famous Ezekiel is the author of the Book of Ezekiel, and a major prophet of Israel who lived and worked among the exiles in BABYLON.in that book he addresses Jews as 'SON OF MAN".but what poet says is the forests had nothing to offer us.How could it offer us roots that clutches and different kinds of branches which would grow out of this infertile land?the forests has strange thing to present.THe forests represents past time and he lamented ther is no pastoral life but have ugly images.

This is again taken from bible and that saint addressing to his people.so the poet dilemma is to live in present but have ornamentation of past.The modern man is make up of mere images and images are dead like autumn leaves or plants.
ANd only thing can relieve the is the establishment of Christ kingdom.the zeal for religious reform and hatred for modern life where man can not find escape but only as moral being or to follow the Christ.

The Wild Hyacinth is in flower from early in April till the end of May, This is the 'fair-hair'd hyacinth' of Ben Jonson, a name alluding to the old myth, for tradition associates the flower with the Hyacinth of the Ancients, the flower of grief and mourning, so Linnaeus first called it Hyacinthus.

This is from Shakespeare Tempest,act 1The magical atmosphere Shakespeare creates in The Tempest is one of the play's defining qualities.

his genius lies in his quality to infuse far-fetched and remote ideas .this can make poetry vague.But n order to be subjective it is better that to present indirectly your observations

aoa sadia dear excellent weldone khuda kry zor-e-qalm or ziada. you are writing this yourself or taking from any book?plz mention book name thanx.

yes,write myself,copy paste to delete hojata he idar.and i read it for first time. Mjy nae pata tha waste land etny mushkil he.me rat jagty rae ho isky lye.thanx dear

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"Wa tu izzu man-ta shaa, wa tu zillu man-ta shaa"

whose book you are reading nkm, famous or any other?what is schedule of your study ? i am trying to make time table but how i manage ?

for intepretation you need to study ages.i have studies from
C.j.long
and R.b.mulik.
And waste land from NKM
BUT idar wo nae.i explore it myself.it was firs part of Waste land.
Time table.

Madness is my passion,
love exploration
world in author presentation.
Follow this
all is well

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"Wa tu izzu man-ta shaa, wa tu zillu man-ta shaa"

The Burial of the Dead(remaining part)

Quote:

Eliot’s note to this section refers the reader to Canto III of the Inferno, lines 55-56, in which Dante says “I should never have believed death had undone so many.”
In this canto, Dante the traveller crosses through the Gate of Hell and encounters spirits whose sin in life was ambivalence.Although, according to Eliot’s note, the “Unreal City” comes from Les Sept Viellards, a poem by 19th-century French Symbolist Charles Baudelaire, the allusion to the Inferno following this phrase recalls the sign that Dante reads over the Gate of Hell in Canto III:
In “The Waste Land,” he is trying to draw attention to two particular kinds of sinners depicted in Dante’s Inferno. Eliot’s London crowds are ambivalent, like the sinners of Canto III, and live in longing like those of Canto IV. The suggestion is that the individuals who make up the London crowd and who, by extension, represent European society of the early 1920s, long to believe in something but end up believing in nothing decisively., he expands this vision to include the individual’s quest for spiritual meaning in what he saw as the bleak wasteland that made up the European political and social landscape of the early 20th century. In other words, Dante’s Inferno is firmly grounded in Christian belief, whereas Eliot’s narrator in “The Waste Land” is still searching for spiritual meaning.

This has been taken from THE WHITE DEVIL.The White Devil, or Vittoria Corombona is a revenge tragedy from 1612 by English playwright John Webster (1580-1625). The title of The White Devil refers to a popular contemporary proverb which held that "the white devil is worse than the black." The play itself explores the differences between the reality of people and the way they depict themselves as good, "white" or pure.
This is the last line of 'AU lecteur",the poem that is preface to fleurs du mal(flower of evil) which is the Charles baudelaire`s`manifesto,it address to the reader as you are corrupt and reading what mirror yourself.

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"Wa tu izzu man-ta shaa, wa tu zillu man-ta shaa"

I feel like deleting your posts again. You are copy pasting and no hyperlink is removed.

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The Me you have always known, the Me that's a stranger still.

I only paste the text..because i can`t learn all the text.if i am wrong than plz tell how hyper link is removed...

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"Wa tu izzu man-ta shaa, wa tu zillu man-ta shaa"

The modern age in English literature started from the beginning of 20th century,and it followed the Victorian age.The most important characteristic of literature is that it is opposed to the genera attitude to life and its problems adopted by victorian writers and the public which may be termed 'victorian'.The young people during the first decade of 20th century regarded the victorian age as hypocritical,and the victorian ideals as mean,stupid..

Themes.
1.negation of voice.
2.hatred toward subjectivity.
3.confused and neurotic mind.
4.Fear from death,destruction.
5.World war themes.
6.Science ,a new religion.
7. Love as confused-lust.

Modern poetry,of which T.S Eliot is chief representative,has followed entrirely a different tradition from the Romantic and victorian tradition of poetry..shakespeare and Milton were assiagned as genuine because they present blend of romance and reason in their narration.

Besides these preconceptions,a study of 19 th century poetry reveals the fact that its main characteristic was preoccupation of dream world.so 20th century poets ruthlessly criticized them.

THE IMAGISTS.

The first revold against romanitic tradition came from a group called ThE IMAGISTS. The poetic revolution engineered by The IMAGISTS, WHich began in the years immediately proceding the first world ward and encouraged T(homas)S(terne).Eliot' The Waste land'These poets negate self expression and professed for proper meaning in language.The originator T.E.hulme was killed in war in 1917.Ezra pound,came from America like Eliot founded this movement on solid grounds.

Ambition.
1.to use language of common speach but ornate it with Hyper meanings or Allusions.
2.use universal theme in poetry.
3.innovations in poetry regarding structure.

The poet especially Ezra pound did not received attention and were not celebrated on the account of vagueness that can't be comprehend by common man.

TRENCH POETS.

The first world war gave rise to war poetry and poets who wrote about war and its horrors especially in the trenches are called war poets or trench poets..Instead of facing brutal realities they considered real world as mere a dream.
W.B.yeats and T.S. Eliot are famous poets of this age.

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"Wa tu izzu man-ta shaa, wa tu zillu man-ta shaa"

In his poetics,Aristotle outlined the ingredients necessary for a good tragedy ,and he based his formula on what he considered to be the perfect tragedy,Sophocle's Oedipus the king.According to Aristotle,a tragedy must be an imitation of life in the form of a serious story that is complete in itself;in other words, the story must be realistic and narrow in focus.A good tragedy will evoke pity and fear in its viewers,causing the viewers to experience a feeling of catharsis.Catharsis,in Greek means"purgation";running through the gamut of these stron emotions will leave viewers feeling elated,in the same way we often claim that "a good cry"will make one feel better.

Aristotle also outlined the charachteristics of a good tragic hero.He must be"better than we are",a man who is superior to the average man in some way.In oedipus 's case he is superior not only because of social standing,but also because he is smart,he is the only person who could solve the riddle of Sphinx.Aristotle claims that tragic hero is imperfect so he evoke pity and fear.Oedipus is blind to the truth inspite of the warning of blind prophet,Teiresias.His"error of judgement/hamartia/tragic flaw" lead himself alienated from society.

Dramatic irony revolves around whole play and often marked the role of fate.King oedipus resolve two riddles ,jocastae and laius killed Oedipus ,Oedipus's flight from cornith are the events display of man struggle vs fate.Both jocastae and oedipus exult over the failure of oracle,only to find oracles are right.Oedipus rejoices over the death of Polybus and not met with Merope only to avoid,avert his fate.But he was'nt able to avert .

Oedipus discounts the power of oracles,he values the power of truth.He was persistant to find out the truth and insults blind prophet.One can conut this struggle for truth in 21st cenury as the struggle between the religion and fate..so he shows himself to be thinker,a man good at unraveling mysteries.His intelligence what makes him great yet it is also what makes him tragic.

The sphinx's riddle echoes throughout the play,even though sophocles never mentions the actual question she asked.Words of sphinx,

"WHAT IS IT THAT GOES ON

FOUR FEET IN THE MORNING,

TWO FEET AT MIDDAY.

AND THREE FEET IN THE EVENING?"

Oedipus Answer ofcourse ,was"a man"And in play proves himself that man.There is much talk of Oedipus's birth and his exposure an infant here is the baby of which sphinx speaks.crawling on four feet.(even though two of oedipus's are pinioned).Oedipus throught out his life is the adult man,standing on his own feet no the others,even gods.And in the end he left Thebes as old man and uses a can that profigured "three-legged;the solver of riddle is a victim of it.

According to Aristotle,tragedy is, like all other forms of art,a kind of imitation and tragedy stipulates through action.Action and plot of tragedy have a correct duration.It must not long enough to convey its meanings to the spectator.THis effectivesness constitutes the function of tragedy;arouse catharsis of pit and fear.According to him diction ornate the action of play and called"gift of metaphor".so he stressed plot more important than characters.plot is arrangement of events and characters run through this action.

According Fyfe;
IT IS IMPOSSIBLE FOR ANY ONE WHO UNDERTAKES THE OFFICE OF CRITIC TO OMIT THE STUDY OF ARISTOTLE WITHOUT VERY GREAT HARM"

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"Wa tu izzu man-ta shaa, wa tu zillu man-ta shaa"