what are the determinants of sensation?

Feldman 9th edition i am using Name Understanding psychology
Rakhshanda Shahnawaz Name = An Approach to Psychology Publishers Carvan book house Lahore. this is not in urdu. i found feldman book more easy than rakhshanda book.

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attitude makes the difference!

how is shehrbano's book ? any idea ?

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One thing that's fair in life is that everyone dies .

Good for paper 2

If a question is asked about the current trend of Psychology desciplines how can we elaborate it....Are we supposed to explain with examples, if yes then what would be the examples from current days/every day life. Apart from that, please what is id, ego and supper ego. Please define it with examples so that we can understand them easily...

Thanks in anticipation....

Q.4. Define motivation and discuss insticts, drives and incentives explain motivated behaviour.

this is rough outline of how i think this question should be handled.kindly comment and suggest improvements.

motivation: energiser which directs our behaviour towards a goal
or
goal directed behaviour

instinct: an inborn behaviour
instincts theory of motivation
different psychologists have presented instinct theory of motivation including freud,william mcdougal and william james
according to freud, instincts are of two types life and death insticts.sex is life instict whereas aggression is death instinct
william mcdougal stated that there are 11- 18 instincts that direct our behaviour including aggresiveness and pugnacity william james hypothesized that instincts direct motivated behaviour.
hull's drive reduction theory
it is based on maintenance of homeostasis and restoration of balance depends on balance between need and drive.
incentive theory: external goal
according to psychologists external goal direct behaviour. drive and incentives are often explained in terms of contrasted push and pull theory
critical analysis
psychologists have presented different theories to explain motivated behaviour these are based on instincts,drives and incentive.

Great! But try to put an example .

thanks a lot nisma for the encouragement.
i basically wanted to know whether this question should be attempted with reference of theories or by using my own opinion regarding role of incentive,drive in motivation. i would appreciate if someone else would also comment on this question.

Always attempt the question with an objective approach as u did this one.

Q. describe the nature of Emotions in reflection to different approaches for understanding Emotions.

comments,criticism and suggestions are strongly encouraged.

emotion:it is a feeling including subjective evaluation,cognitive beliefs and physiological processes

the word emotion originates from the latin "emovere" which means to wake up,stir or incite

approaches to emotion
diferent psychologists have presented theories to explain emotions.the most notable amongst them are

james lang theory

william james(1884) and danish pysiologist lang separately propounded similair theories which bears their names.at the time,there was a general view that perception of a stimulus leads to subjective feeling which consequently produces bodily changes.the two psychologists contradicted the herstwhile accepted view and theorised that perception of stimulus leads to bodily changes and this in turn produces subjective feeling.

critical analysis.
according to james lang theory upon percieving any fear provoking stimulus such as a tiger,first we run and this bodily change leads to our feeling of fear.this theory has been severly criticised by canon bard who proposed the role of thalamus in emotion production

canon bard theory

according to canon bard theory,emotional integration is controlled by thalamus.this theory proposes that upon perception of a certain stimulus, thalamus sends the relevant information patterns to cerebral cortex resulting in production of emotions

critical analysis
canon bard theory proposes that information of perception of stimulus leads to thalamus which in turn sends message to viscera and then to cerebral cortex resulting in production of emotion.

schachter singer theory
shachter singer theory is also known as two factor theory.this theory emphasis on the role of both bodily arousal and cognitive interpretation in production of emotion.according to the theory, emotions leads to bodily arousal which causes us to look at our environment to percieve the cause of the arousal. for e.g if we feel pleased at being praised we label the emotion as "happy" by comparing our emotions with others.similarly,if we feel bad at doing something wrong we label the emotion as .guilt

critical analysis
different psychologists have proposed separate approaches towards emotions.each theory has an individual background and has been criticised on the several grounds.