Need suggestions to cover psychology easily
Please regards

fieldman & Shehr bano's books are really good covering whole syllabus of CSS. Apart from that I read notes of my friends mostly, because she has made her notes really nice. It covers every thing. The plus point is that she has pointed out mcqs with symbol starts in every topic and past questions.. I also suggest you people to make your own short notes, really these are helpful to the great extent to get desired score..If you want to attain desired score in this subject, then must make your short notes, it would help you to attempt your papers to the level of perfection...

Read Shahrban's book...

i do not refer local authors. please suggest some foreign writers.

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Asalam-o-alaikum

Consult any body who is Phd in Psychology. We are just using local writers because our checkers are also locals as far as I think....

Essential of Understanding Psychology By Robert S. feldman

Psychology - Themes and Variations 8th ed W. Weiten (Wadsworth, 2010) BBS

Psychology Concepts and Connections- Spencer

Regards,
Stay Blessed

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Hope sees the invisible, feels the intangible and achieves the impossible.

Robert S Felman

Q.6. Discuss Freud's psychoanalytic theory, including levels of consciences and three structure of personality.

can any one kindly tell me do we have to write a conclusion at the end of theories as well ? or critical analysis is sufficient?

Introduction
Sigmund freud was an Austrian neurologist and known as the founder of psychoanalytic theory of personality. he stressed upon the role of unconscious, childhood experiences and psychosexual stages in the development of an individual’s personality.

Structure of personality
According to freud, personality is made up of three components namely,id,ego and super ego
Id
It is the reservoir of psychic energy and it strive for satisfaction of basic biological instincts of sex, aggression and survival.it operates on the pleasure principle: seeking pleasure and avoiding pain. As is evident from the example of any neo nate. a neonate cries till it gets pleasure from feeding from mother or consolation.
Ego
It operates on reality principle. it seeks for the gratification of the biological drives in a realistic manner aimed at long term pleasure and not destruction. It comprises of remnants of our perception,thoughts, judgements and memories. it acts like an executive.
Super ego
This is the moral component of the personality or the so called “police”. It emerges from ego at the age of 4 or 5 years. it comprises of the standards relating to what is wrong and what is right.if id gets too powerful, it leads to the loss of control on one’s activities whereas if ego becomes overdeveloped it results in a person becoming inflexible, assertive and stubborn.

Topography of mind

I. Conscious: it refers to the part of the mind which contains the elements one is fully aware of .like at the moment, one is aware of certain things in the surroundings and environment, they make up conscious
II. Subconscious: located just below the conscious,is the subconscious. it contains in it material which can be retrieved with little effort.for e.g names of childhood friends or their numbers etc
III. Unconscious: freud has laid a lot of emphasis on the role of unconscious in the development of an individual’s personality.unconscious,basically comprises of the material which is embedded deeper in the mind and cannot be retrieved easily. For e.g if any person has been sexually assaulted by any relative and this incident is forgotten by the individual then it is stored in the unconscious.

Dynamics of personality

Freud hypothesized in his theory that there are two sources of instinctual energy namely life instincts and death instincts. life instincts(eros) refers to the activities and behaviours aimed at survival including sex whereas death instincts focus on death and destruction so it includes aggression.

Self defense mechanism

According to freud, whenever there is a clash between id and superego it leads to anxiety.in such circumstances, ego employs a series of defense mechanisms to overcome anxiety
• Identification
• Rationalization
• Displacement
• Sublimation
• Reaction formation
• Denial
• Repression
• Regression
• Projection

Psychosexual stages of personality

Freud hypothesized that development of an indivdual’s personality takes place in five stages namely, psychosexual stages. he further elaborated that if any conflict emerges at any level ,then it results in fixation i.e impact of that stage last longer than usual and often influences successive stages.
Oral stage: this stage lasts from birth to 18 months of age.in this stage,primary focus is on mouth. the infant derives pleasure from mouth. all activities related to mouth provide him pleasure such as breast sucking, thumb sucking or sucking onto anything that is easily accessible. according to freud, sometimes individuals become oral fixated. this leads to development of two types of personalities

• Oral receptive personality: such individual try to cope with stress by eating,drinking, chewing onto something ,nail biting etc.
• Oral aggressive personality: these individuals use verbal abuses to vent out their emotions.

Anal stage: according to freud, this stage lasts from 18 months to 3 years.in this stage,primary focus is on anal region. the child derives pleasure from anal area. Controlling and then later expulsion of faeces and urine give pleasure to the child. In this stage, generally parents start toilet training.
Freud hypothesized that individuals may become anal fixated due to the malpractice of toilet triaining.

if parents are too rigorous and disciplined in this regard,then it results in development of stingy and stubborn personalities.
On the contrary,if parents adopt a reflexive attitude then children develop into reckless,wasteful,careless and messy personalities.

Phallic stage: normally lasting from 3-5 is the phallic stage. phallic means “penis” in latin. This is perhaps the most critical part of the development. according to freud, unintentionally, male children develop sexual likeness for their mothers and view their fathers as their opponent.however,due to the general awareness of the strength of their fathers, they feel the fear of being castrated by their fathers inorder to remove “potential threat”. this condition is known as Oedipus complex. As the fear of being castrated is very momentous for such individuals so they repress their feelings. Repression of the feelings also help in identification of own sex and development of the personality as the male member and desiring to posses a woman similar to the unaccessible mother
Electra complex is the name given to the attraction of a girl child towards her father. in such situation, she views her mother as an opponent and source of her weakness : absence of penis which is viewed as a symbol of power.

Latency phase
From 5 years uptil puberty,the stage that lasts is known as the latency phase.in this phase,attention from sexual matters is diverted to intellectual and social activities.this stage is known as latent as the sexual feelings become dormant at this stage.

Genital stage
Finally, sexual reawakening takes place at the puberty stage. Freud states,that sometimes in this stage,the conflicts of phallic stage re emerge. however, usually, sexual pleasure is associated with someone outside the family.

Critical analysis
• Freud’s theory has been largely criticized for undue focus on sex in the development of personality
• The controversial “odeipus complex” and “electra complex” have been criticized by psychologists.
• Adler,a contemporary of freud has criticized frued for giving a lot of attention to “unconscious” mind as the source of personality development.according to adler, man is very much in control of his activities.

themes and variation must be considered

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The person who reads too much and uses his brain too little will fall into lazy habits of thinking.

its good attempt made by you....

yes introduction and conclusion both are the requirements of a good attempt to attain desired score. Every one has his/her own style of attempting. I have two friends, both do not start with introduction, they just attempt like ordinary style as you did. Now, I will get to know that who has attained good score, because we have done our preparation together, having same approach and waiting for our result. But I attempted all of the questions in my own style and they attempted simply. Now, lets see who has attained good score. And inshllah after announcement of result I will let you know that which one style is better to attempt in order to fetch good score. Apart from that I had indopak in my first attempt, more or less every question was requiring critical analysis, and I gave my won analysis...However it depends upon the nature of the question whether it requires analysis or not. To the conclude I would say analyzing every thing is much better, it means you have good grasp over the topic and exposes pretty good impression.