Originally Posted by ssara

Q-02. Discuss the Ideological foundation of the “Two Nation Theory” with reference to the Contributions of Dr.Iqball, and the Quaid e Azam? (20 Marks)

Ans:
On 14th August 1947, the sub-continent was partitioned on the basis of two-nation theory. Two-nation theory was the main key for the Muslims in order to get their own separate homeland. Where they could spend their lives according to the Quran and Hadith. Though, our prominent Muslim scholars, mystic, saints, poets and other philosophers had been given the crystal clear idea that the Muslims and the Hindus were two different nations, therefore, they could not live together owing to the different of way of lives and in other major aspects. However, Shaikh Ahmed Sirhindi was the first personality how dared to drew distinct line between the Muslims and the Hindus owing to their way of lives, culture and religion. After that the other prominent Muslim heroes candled the idea of two-nation theory. In this regard, Sir Sayed Ahmed khan is considered the pioneer of two-nation theory. As a matter of fact, after the war of independence, he tried to get Muslims and Hindus united. But unfortunately, after a lot of experience and the main incident of Hindi-Urdu controversy took place in 1867 and It had become quite crystal clear for him that the Muslims and the Hindus would not live ever never anymore for the coming years. Because, according to him the Hindus and the Muslims had a lot of difference regarding their philosophy, culture, religion, and ways of lives even they neither intermarry nor enter dine. Therefore, He gave the ideology of the differences between the two major nations and laid down the foundation of two-nation theory exclusively. After the demise of Sir Sayed Ahmed Khan his ideology of Two Nation theory’s concept was candled by the other leaders. It gave the crystal clear idea for the upcoming leaders especially for the Quaid-e-Azam Muhmammad Ali Jinnah and Allama Iqbal who served their lives for the struggle of the ideology of two nation theory and which became the basis of the freedom of Pakistan.

Allama Iqbal has an outstanding importance owing to his amazing ideology and he saw dream and envisioned of the territory for the Pakistan, he was a prominent philosopher, poet, scholar and an advocate as well. He was the eminent personality who spent his nearly whole life and his every thing for the cause of a love and mania owing to his dream. He had done amazing struggle. When a person has a mania of doing some thing special or for his nation, one has to be mad with mania. While Almighty ALLAH burns the fire of love in a person's heart in his entity. Then really one has to be made. However, he would have to be mad for his love and one has to jumped in the romance. Romance is not a love for doing with one’s lover. Off course not! To sacrifice life with the cause of humanity and Almighty Allah and His Deen e Islam. It is the concept of romance. Because, romance comes from ideology and ideology comes from dream and who has dream then he has to do romance exclusively without any peril. Infect, all of our prominent personalities had done romance in diverse sphere for the cause of truth and humanity and on the way of Almighty ALLAH, and in such romance one has to sacrifice his each an every thing, his family, his children, his wealth his honour means everything. We can see the life of Allama Iqbal he scarified every thing of his life owing to do romance, but when such romance comes in one’s life, then there names have to be written with golden words in the history. However, Allama Iqbal had a dream and he worked for it. In 1930, he gave the historical presidential address. In this address, he envisioned for a separate homeland for the Muslims and gave the two-nation theory. Though, he said in his presidential address that the Muslims and the Hindus were two different nations having different way of lives, race, religion, culture and history. So, according to him the Khybar Pakhtunkhuwa, Sindh, the Punjab and Balouchistan must have to be united under the British government or their own government. Consequently, with his an outstanding vision, for the upcoming years it had become quite easy, practical and possible for the Muslims in order to get their own territory according to the idea of the Allama Iqbal’s dream. And with the grace of Almighty ALLAH his dream became fulfilled after the consultation and contribution of Quaid e Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah.


The founder of Pakistan, Quaid e Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah, was a great thinker, intellectual, lawyer and leader as well. He advocated the Muslims and supported the two-nation theory quite practically. He was the person who changed the history with his great efforts owing to shaping to the ideology given by Sir Sayed Ahmed Khan and Allama Iqbal. From the beginning his life, he got the education from Sindh Madarsatul Islam, then went to abroad in order to get education. After getting his higher education, he started his career and spent his life for the cause of a Muslims Nationalism on the basis of two-nation theory. Moreover, in the beginning of his career he was the member of National Congress and Muslim league simultaneously, but at later on he resigned from the Congress and started his struggle for the cause of Muslim Nationalism. He not only protected the Muslims exclusively but also had been working since the beginning of his career actually. He had an outstanding intellectual. Whenever, Hindus tried to demoralize the Muslims he stood against them exclusively. Besides, in 1929 he gave his eminent 14 points in order to encounter the report of Nehru. However, in 1940, he made a historical presidential address at Lahore. In his prominent address he said that the Muslims were not a small community, but a nation having a large population, those had their own history, culture, civilization. Besides, they could not live together with the Hindus anymore for the upcoming years.

In 1944, during the Gandhi Jinnah talk, Quaide Azam said to Gandhi that it had become quite clear and seen that the Muslims and the Hindus were two different nations by any definition. Therefore, it was extremely necessary for those separate nations to have separate homeland. Further, he said clearly that It would be nearly impossible for the two separate nations to live together for the coming years. Because, they were not a caste or race but was two different nations having a large population. On the other hand, they were different in all major aspects, religiously, culturally, philosophically and their way of lives was quite different nearly in all aspects.

Consequently, on the basis of the ideology of two-nation theory and with the outstanding services of the eminent personalities and their contributions gave the fruitful result in order to have a separate homeland and finally the subcontinent was divided in 1947 and Pakistan came on the world map. However, the dream of Allama Iqbal and the advocacy of Qaid e Azam laid down the foundation of a separate homeland on the basis of the two-nation theory with their unforgivable contribution.



Dearest forum members please you may criticize and point out any sort of mistakes which have been done by me. You will be highly thankful by me.

Sara

Thanks....

Originally Posted by alihashmatkhoso

Originally Posted by ssara

Shakeel I got your point fully and yes first of all we have to cover these essential questions and then we will have to attempt the other general questions which you have mentioned. I am sure these questions are the most important. Because, after getting the bird eye view of the Past papers and with discussing with CSPs and other expert seniors then I use to post these sort of questions which are the most important for CSS-2013 and InshALLAH after attempting these question we will be able to attempt our paper with good grasp and confident and will get marks with flying colors. Just carry on attempting on the daily basis. I wish you best of Luck....Go ahead with the below question. I am also going to attempt it. (and plz mention your optional subjects) Thanks.....

Q3. Shah Waliullah realized "The renaissance of Islam and Muslim Society can not be affected until the intellectual life of the Muslims is re-oriented." Discuss Critically. (CE-10)
(20 Marks) expected question for CE-13

Originally Posted by shahreenaa

Originally Posted by shakeel ghori

Yes, I am also of the same belief that by doing this practice on regular basis, it will be easy for us to attempt Pakistan affairs paper. Not only this paper, but I am of the view that if the similar practice is carried out in other areas of syllabus also, such as eds, current affairs and so forth. It will be beneficial.

My optional subjects are:
1-Psychology
2-International law
3-Public admin
4-Sociology
5-journalism

Please, do mention yours too.

Originally Posted by shakeel ghori

Thank you very much dear for assessing our work. I am inviting you to take part in this practice, it is highly beneficial. Your contribution in solving questions will be the cause of improvement not only for you, but for other aspirants as well. Sara has sent this question: "Shah Waliullah realized "The renaissance of Islam and Muslim Society cannot be affected until the intellectual life of the Muslims is re-oriented." Discuss Critically," and we are going to solve it, you too can send yours attempt if you wish so.

Regards

Originally Posted by shahreenaa

Thank you very much. Yes it z truly beneficial rather than academies indeed. But now I am out of country, have little time, will be in Pakistan in the next month and will join you.


I have assumed. If u do this practice on daily basis, undoubtedly you will be topper in CSS. Record my words on this forum.

Good Luck

Originally Posted by ssara

Originally Posted by shakeel ghori

Assalam o alaikum
Q-02. Discuss the Ideological foundation of the “Two Nation Theory” with reference to the Contributions of Dr.Iqball, and the Quaid e Azam?


When Muslims came into sub-continent; a new social, political and religious epoch began in the history of India. With the preach of Islam a new community came into existence which had everything in different from the indigenous inhabitants of the area. Islam attracted a large number of followers because of its principles and natural tendency. From the very beginning there was a wide gulf between Islam and Hinduism. Islam is a religion in which there is the concept of oneness of God; and its teachings are based on Quran and Hadith. In contrast Hinduaism is a social system, which emphasizes in polytheism. Besides religion, there were wide variety of cultural differences between these two communities. Because of these genuine reasons, many Muslim scholars and sufis pronounced these two communities distinctive from each other which could never work for integration. Shaikh Ahmed sirhindi made it clear that Hindus and Muslims are different from each other in every respect so they could not merge together.

These historical facts gave birth to two nation theory which held that Hindus and Muslims are two separate nations having distinct cultural and social values. This theory had become the foundation on which Muslims laid down the edifice of the demand for separate homeland. They maintained that they could not practice their religion in united India, so they should be provided a separate piece of land where they could live in accordance with their beliefs and values. This ideology was strengthened by many Muslim leaders time and often.

As has been mentioned that the concept of two nation existed for centuries ago, so it cannot be claimed that Sir Syed was his pioneer. However, it could not be denied that this concept had reached to its climax due the spirit which sir syed infused in it. Sir syed was an open minded man who was an staunch advocate of single nationalism. He considered all Indians as one nation without any discrimination based on religion or beliefs. He worked hard to create harmony between two communities as he saw in this act the well-being of all without exception. It was thought by him that it would be helpful in creating a social order in India that Hindu and Muslim should settle their accounts. But all his desires of bringing about conciliation between two communities was brought to naught when Congress shown its prejudice by demonstrating an agitation against urdu. They sought to eliminate urdu as an official language. It was an act to impose cultural superiority and clearly a prejudice. This and few other acts by Congress frustrated Sir Syes and he became convinced of separate nationalism. From then, he actively fought for the rights of Muslims alone as being a separate community whose interest were in jeopardy. His Aligarh movement inculcated in Muslims a spirit of nationalism and in the following years those who fought freedom movement mostly belonged to his circle of thoughts: "Muslims should be treated as a nation".

It was the process through which the ideology of two nation gradually evolved. Besides Sir Syed, other leaders of Muslim such as Dr Allama Iqbal, and Quaid e Azam were also the staunch proponent of the two nation theory; and infact they made this concept as a base to demand the Muslims' rights.

Allama Iqbal and two nation theory

Allama Iqbal was a great philosopher. He had acquired great fame among the Muslims of sub continent as a thinker. He received his education in Lahore college, later on he went to England to pursue education in law. He did ph.d in philosophy from the germen university. He studied Islam deeply and had profound liking for the principles of Islam. He compared Islam and western culture and reached at the conclusion that human salvation and welfare lay in adoption of Islam as a way of life.

Basically, he was a teacher, poet and philosopher. However, he had to come into the politics to safeguard the interests of the Muslims. He proved himself as a great companion of Mr Jinnah. He awakened the Muslims with his stirring poetry, and rendered many services for the accomplishment of Pakistan.

Allama Iqbal considered Islam as a complete code of life and said " It is my firm belief that Muslims of India will ultimately have to establish a separate homeland as they cannot live with Hindus in the United India". He removed from the minds of Muslims many misconceptions and confusions which they had about themselves before he appeared at the scene. He made Muslims to know their real status.

He rejected the idea of one-nation and upheld that the Muslims are entirely built a separate nation with their distinct identity which no way can merge into any other nation for integration. They have distinct culture, civilization, religion, way of life, and outlook of life. In short, he was the first who clearly defined and supported the two-nation theory. He said " There would be no possibility to maintain peace unless and until Muslims are recognized as a separate nation, as they had their own cultural values which they had to preserve and maintain."

In this way he defined the Muslims that what is meaning of 'two-nation' and made them to struggle for acquiring a separate homeland which Dr Iqbal called "an ultimate destiny" of Muslims. With his enthusiastic poetry which was permeated with the sense of nationhood stirred Muslims' faith for their identity and they stood up to accomplish a separate home land for them at all costs. These were the contributions by a great leader for his nation. His efforts for the cause for Muslims will be remembered for many generations..

Two-Nation theory and Quid e Azam..
Qauid-e-Azam, like Sir Syed Ahmed, was a great advocate of Hindu-Muslim unity in the beginning of his politics. He sought to bring two communities closer to each other and his efforts in this regard reached to culmination when he succeeded in fomenting goodwill between Congress and Muslim league by concluding lucknow pact. He was of the view, if they (both parties) could settle their differences in peaceful manner, it would be easy to demand fundamental rights of the Indian from the British government. It was a sensible idea and it produced its fruit for few years until the two parties showed mutual respect for each other. But Congress displayed its self-serving attitude and caused damage to the khilafat movement. At number of other occasions it remained indifferent for the rights of Muslims and projected the demand of its own community only. Quaid e Azam came to know about its real face. He became convinced that the two communities could never merge together. He changed his political creed and became an ardent supporter of two nation theory. Quid-e- Azam said:

"Pakistan came into being when first Indian embraced Islam"

This saying reflects the thinking of the father of nation that he believed: there was a great difference between the two communities. It demonstrates that the distiction existed, exhibited and exercised from the era when Muslims first arrived in the sub-continent. Quaid-e-Azam demanded the rights of Muslims on the basis of this distinction. He through speeches, conventions and resolutions fortified this faith and made Muslims aware about their position. He said in straightforward manner that Muslims are a separate nation by every definition of a nation.

He countered the claims made by Congress leaders that those who lived within the boundaries of sub-continent are all Indians. He opposed this notion and maintained that Muslims are a nation by any taste of a nation who should have their own homeland. He rightly pointed out that a community which constitutes of more than 70 million people cannot be deemed merely a minority.Furthermore, Muslims have their own culture, beliefs, and values which lead them in entirely different direction. Quaid-e-Azam said in one of his speeches:
"'We do not demand Pakistan simply to have a piece of land but we want a laboratory where we could experiment Islamic principles".

After an unflinching and remarkable struggle of our leaders we have finally achieved a separate homeland. The two-nation theory worked as an ideology which infused in Muslims a sense of self-determination and they convinced of their distinct identity. The vision which our great leaders had given for Pakistan has not been achieved yet. Many factors led us in this sorry state of affairs. Now it is the time to redefine our identity and to realize the worth of sacrifices rendered for the cause of Pakistan. Ours is a nation full of history of unprecedented struggles to deal bravely with the enormity of circumstances. What we all need is to learn from our history to emerge as a developed, civilized and lively nation.


Dear members please evaluate my attempt. Openly make criticism on the mistakes I have committed and give the marks.